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→19th Century
==19th Century==
==19th Century==
[[File:Princepotemkin.jpg|thumb|Prince Potemkin, Prime Minister of Imperial Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great.]]
[[File:Princepotemkin.jpg|thumb|Prince Potemkin, Prime Minister of Imperial Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great.]]
[[Alexander I]] (1801-1825) began his reign as a reformer, but after defeating [[Napoleon]]'s 1812 attempt to conquer Russia, he became much more conservative and rolled back many of his early reforms. During this era, Russia gained control of [[Georgia (Russia)|Georgia]] and much of the [[Caucasus]]. Throughout the 19th century, the Russian Government sought to suppress repeated attempts at reform and attempts at liberation by various national movements, particularly under the reign of [[Nicholas I]] (1825-1855). Its economy failed to compete with those of Western countries. Russian cities were growing without an industrial base to generate employment, although emancipation of the [[serf]]s in 1861 foreshadowed urbanization and rapid industrialization late in the century. At the same time, Russia expanded into the rest of the Caucasus, Central Asia and across [[Siberia]]. The port of [[Vladivostok]] was opened on the Pacific coast in 1860. The [[Trans-Siberian Railroad]] opened vast frontiers to development late in the century. In the 19th century, Russian culture flourished as Russian artists made significant contributions to world literature, visual arts, dance, and music. The names of Dostoyevsky, [[Tolstoy]], Gogal, Repin, and [[Tchaikovsky]] became known to the world.
[[Alexander I]] (1801-1825) began his reign as a reformer, but after defeating [[Napoleon]]'s 1812 attempt to conquer Russia, he became much more conservative and rolled back many of his early reforms. During this era, Russia gained control of [[Georgia (Russia)|Georgia]] and much of the [[Caucasus]]. In the 19th century, the Russian Government sought to suppress repeated attempts at reform and attempts at liberation by various national movements, particularly under the reign of [[Nicholas I]] (1825-1855).
After Russia’s defeat in the [[Crimean War]] (1853-1856), [[Pan-Slavism]] - the notion that Russia should “liberate” Ottoman and Austrian Slavs, gained popularity among journalists, army officers, politicians, and even within the ruling dynasty.<ref>Stergar, Rok: Panslavism , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2017-07-12. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11123. [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/panslavism]</ref><ref>''[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPan6Slavism.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]'', vol. 3 (1993).</ref>
Russia's economy failed to compete with those of Western countries. Russian cities were growing without an industrial base to generate employment, although emancipation of the [[serf]]s in 1861 foreshadowed urbanization and rapid industrialization late in the century. At the same time, Russia expanded into the rest of the Caucasus, Central Asia and across [[Siberia]]. The port of [[Vladivostok]] was opened on the Pacific coast in 1860. The [[Trans-Siberian Railroad]] opened vast frontiers to development late in the century. In the 19th century, Russian culture flourished as Russian artists made significant contributions to world literature, visual arts, dance, and music. The names of Dostoyevsky, [[Tolstoy]], Gogal, Repin, and [[Tchaikovsky]] became known to the world.
[[Alexander II]] (1855-1881), a relatively liberal tsar, emancipated the serfs. His 1881 assassination, however, prompted the reactionary rule of [[Alexander III]] (1881-1894).
[[Alexander II]] (1855-1881), a relatively liberal tsar, emancipated the serfs. His 1881 assassination, however, prompted the reactionary rule of [[Alexander III]] (1881-1894).