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New section ''Founding of Babylon'' and ''from Josephus'
'''Nimrod''', also know as '''Ninus''' (Greek: Νινος)<ref>[[Ctesias]], ''Persica''</ref><ref>[[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus|Justin]], ''History of the World'',1.1</ref>, is noted as the founder of the city of [[Nineveh]]<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Biblotheca Historica'', 2.3.1</ref> and frequently the falsely alleged founder of [[Babylon]]<ref>see [[Semiramis]]</ref>. He was the first recorded king of the Assyrians<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''Chronogrophy'', p.28</ref><ref>[[Diodorus]], ''Bibliotheca Historica'', 2.1.4 (quoting [[Ctesias]] ''Persica'')</ref><ref>Justin, ''History of the World'',1.1</ref> whose "kingdom" engulfed [[Babel]], Erech, Accad, Calneh and the land of Sinar<ref>{{bible ref|Genesis|10|10}}</ref> (which was otherwise known as the land of Nimrod)<ref name="JE">Jewish Encyclopedia's article on Nimrod</ref><ref>[[Eusebius]], ''Chronogrophy'', p.29</ref>, all of Asia Minor to Istanbul, Egypt, Arabia, Armenia, north of Georgia and into southern Russia as far as the Don river which pours into the Sea of Azov, Media (north Iran), Persia (South Eastern Iran), parts of Pakistahn and Afghanistan, <ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Biblotheca Historica'', 2.2.1</ref> and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Biblotheca Historica'', 2.5.3-2.6.8</ref> over which he allegedly reigned for 52 years{{Citation needed|march 2023}}. It was he who was the first to form men into armies, practice military arts and form an empire by subjugation.<ref>Justin, ''History of the World'',1.1</ref> He was also the inventor of a system of governmental law<ref>Justin, ''History of the World'',1.1</ref>, currency & taxes<ref>[[Josephus]], ''Antiquities of the Jews''</ref><ref>[[Diodorus]], ''Bibliotheca Historica'', 2.1.7 (quoting [[Ctesias]] ''Persica'')</ref>.
'''Nimrod''', also know as '''Ninus''' (Greek: Νινος)<ref>[[Ctesias]], ''Persica''</ref><ref>[[Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus|Justin]], ''History of the World'',1.1</ref>, is noted as the founder of the city of [[Nineveh]]<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Biblotheca Historica'', 2.3.1</ref> builder of the [[Tower of Babel]]<ref>Josephus, Antiquities, 4.2</ref> and frequently the falsely alleged founder of [[Babylon]]<ref>see [[Semiramis]]</ref>. He was the first recorded king of the Assyrians<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''Chronogrophy'', p.28</ref><ref>[[Diodorus]], ''Bibliotheca Historica'', 2.1.4 (quoting [[Ctesias]] ''Persica'')</ref><ref>Justin, ''History of the World'',1.1</ref> whose "kingdom" engulfed [[Babel]], Erech, Accad, Calneh and the land of Sinar<ref>{{bible ref|Genesis|10|10}}</ref> (which was otherwise known as the land of Nimrod)<ref name="JE">Jewish Encyclopedia's article on Nimrod</ref><ref>[[Eusebius]], ''Chronogrophy'', p.29</ref>, all of Asia Minor to Istanbul, Egypt, Arabia, Armenia, north of Georgia and into southern Russia as far as the Don river which pours into the Sea of Azov, Media (north Iran), Persia (South Eastern Iran), parts of Pakistahn and Afghanistan, <ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Biblotheca Historica'', 2.2.1</ref> and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Biblotheca Historica'', 2.5.3-2.6.8</ref> over which he allegedly reigned for 52 years{{Citation needed|march 2023}}. It was he who was the first to form men into armies, practice military arts and form an empire by subjugation.<ref>Justin, ''History of the World'',1.1</ref> He was also the inventor of a system of governmental law<ref>Justin, ''History of the World'',1.1</ref>, currency & taxes<ref>[[Josephus]], ''Antiquities of the Jews''</ref><ref>[[Diodorus]], ''Bibliotheca Historica'', 2.1.7 (quoting [[Ctesias]] ''Persica'')</ref>.
As a Cushite, his father [[Cush]] was the son of [[Ham]], who was the son of the legendary [[Noah]]<ref>Genesis 10:8</ref>. As such he is only the second generation born after the flood. His son was [[Ninyas]] and his wife was [[Semiramis]].<ref>Ninyas & Semiramis, as per Justin's History of the World, 1.1</ref>
As a Cushite, his father [[Cush]] was the son of [[Ham]], who was the son of the legendary [[Noah]]<ref>Genesis 10:8</ref>. As such he is only the second generation born after the flood. His son was [[Ninyas]] and his wife was [[Semiramis]].<ref>Ninyas & Semiramis, as per Justin's History of the World, 1.1</ref>
=Founding of Babylon=
The common belief that Nimrod was the founder of Babylon seems to stem from the Hebrew belief as recorded in the ''Antiquities of the Jews'' by [[Josephus|Flavious Josephus]] (which text is below in ''from Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews''). Diodorus' claim that Samiramis built Babylon after Nimrod's death necessitates that the tower was built first and then after Nimrod's death, the city was built around the tower.
It is only natural to assume that such a project necessitated workers huts and support networks and industries. Therefore it may be true that Nimrod founded the [[Tower of Babel]] as a single work akin to the Pyramids, yet Semiramis had the remnants properly formed into a city which we now call [[Babylon]].
==from Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews==
==from Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews==
''1. Now the sons of Noah were three, Shem and Japhet, and Ham, born one hundred years before the deluge.2 These first of all descended from the mountains into the plains, and fixed their habitation there; and persuaded others, who were greatly afraid of the lower grounds on account of the flood, and so were very loth to come down from the higher places, to venture to follow their examples. Now the plain, in which they first dwelt, was called Shinar. God also commanded them to send colonies abroad, for the through peopling of the earth; that they might not raise seditions among themselves, but might cultivate a great part of the earth, and enjoy its fruits after a plentiful manner. But they were so ill instructed, that they did not obey God. For which reason they fell into calamities, and were made sensible by experience of what sin they had been guilty of. For when they flourished with a numerous youth, God admonished them again to send out colonies. But they imagining the prosperity they enjoyed was not derived from the favour of God, but supposing that their own power was the proper cause of the plentiful condition they were in, did not obey him. Nay they added to this their disobedience to the divine will, the suspicion that they were therefore ordered to send out separate colonies, that, being divided asunder, they might the more easily be oppressed.''
''2. Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grand-son of Ham, the son of Noah: a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it was through his means that they were happy; but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny; seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his own power. He also said, “He would be revenged on God, if he should have a mind to drown the world again: for that he would build a Tower too high for the waters to be able to reach; and that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their fore-fathers.”''
''3. [About An. 2520] Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod, and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God: and they built a Tower; neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work. And, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect. But the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. It was built of burnt brick, cemented together with morter, made of bitumen; that it might not be liable to admit water. When God saw that they acted so madly, he did not resolve to destroy them utterly; since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners: but he caused a tumult among them, by producing in them diverse languages; and causing, that through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the Tower is now called Babylon: because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before: for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, Confusion. The Sibyll also makes mention of this tower, (21) and of the confusion of the language when she says thus: “When all men were of one language, some of them built an high tower, as if they would thereby ascend up to heaven. But the Gods sent storms of wind, and overthrew the tower, and gave every one his peculiar language. And for this reason it was that the city was called Babylon.” But as to the plan of Shinar, in the country of Babylonia, Hestiæus mentions it, when he says thus, “Such of the Priests as were saved took the sacred vessels of Jupiter Enyalius, and came to Shinar of Babylonia.”''
(excerpt taken from the public domain, translation by William Whiston, 1737)
==from Justin's ''History of the World''==
==from Justin's ''History of the World''==
''"At first, the government of nations and countries was lodged in the hands of kings, who were advanced to the height of royal majesty, not by popular ambition, but on account of the merit they had acquired with the good, by their experienced moderation. Then people were not ruled by standing laws:the will of the prince was the sole law; and it being then the custom of princes, not to enlarge, but to defend their dominions; every one's kingdom was bounded within the limits of his own country, Ninus, king of the Assyrians, was the first who, out of a hitherto unknown desire of empire, broke through this ancient, and as it were hereditary usage. He it was that first made war upon his neighbours, and by war he conquer'd the nations, too ignorant in military arts to oppose him, as far as the frontier of Libya. 'Tis true, Sesosris king of Egypt and Tanaus king of Scythia, the former of whom pieced as far as Pontus, and the latter as Egypt, are much more ancient; but their wars fell upon distant, not neiggbouring countries; nor did they seek dominion for themselves, but glory for their people; and, satisfy'd with victory, they declined the government of their conquests. Ninus, by taking and keeping possession of whatever he had subdued firm and stable; wherefore, so soon as he had subdued on neighbour, marching more powerfully against others, with the accession of those new forces, he made every victory the instrument of a new one, 'till he had overrun all the nations of the east. His last war was with Zorastres king of the Bactrians, who is said to have invented the magick arts, and to have very carefully studied <ref>Here Justin confounds Zorastres the king of the Bactrians with Zorastres the magician, who lived many generations after him.</ref> the origin of the world, and the motions of the stars. Having killed him, he himself died soon after leaving behind him his son Ninyas, in the state of childhood, and his wife Semiranis."''
''"At first, the government of nations and countries was lodged in the hands of kings, who were advanced to the height of royal majesty, not by popular ambition, but on account of the merit they had acquired with the good, by their experienced moderation. Then people were not ruled by standing laws:the will of the prince was the sole law; and it being then the custom of princes, not to enlarge, but to defend their dominions; every one's kingdom was bounded within the limits of his own country, Ninus, king of the Assyrians, was the first who, out of a hitherto unknown desire of empire, broke through this ancient, and as it were hereditary usage. He it was that first made war upon his neighbours, and by war he conquer'd the nations, too ignorant in military arts to oppose him, as far as the frontier of Libya. 'Tis true, Sesosris king of Egypt and Tanaus king of Scythia, the former of whom pieced as far as Pontus, and the latter as Egypt, are much more ancient; but their wars fell upon distant, not neiggbouring countries; nor did they seek dominion for themselves, but glory for their people; and, satisfy'd with victory, they declined the government of their conquests. Ninus, by taking and keeping possession of whatever he had subdued firm and stable; wherefore, so soon as he had subdued on neighbour, marching more powerfully against others, with the accession of those new forces, he made every victory the instrument of a new one, 'till he had overrun all the nations of the east. His last war was with Zorastres king of the Bactrians, who is said to have invented the magick arts, and to have very carefully studied <ref>Here Justin confounds Zorastres the king of the Bactrians with Zorastres the magician, who lived many generations after him.</ref> the origin of the world, and the motions of the stars. Having killed him, he himself died soon after leaving behind him his son Ninyas, in the state of childhood, and his wife Semiranis."''
(excerpt taken from the public domain, translation by University of Oxford, 1742)
(excerpt taken from the public domain, translation by Oxford University, 1742)