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In 1717 four lodges met together at a public house (pub, or hotel) in London and formed the Grand Lodge of England. It later chartered grand lodges in other countries.

In 1717 four lodges met together at a public house (pub, or hotel) in London and formed the Grand Lodge of England. It later chartered grand lodges in other countries.

[[File:Flag of East Germany.png|right|250|THUMB|[[East German]] flag after the fall of Hitler.]]

[[File:Flag of East Germany.png|right|250px|thumb|[[East German]] flag after the fall of Hitler.]]

In 1923 the Italian leader [[Mussolini]] ordered through his Fascist Council that members of the ruling Fascist political party who were Freemasons had to give up one or the other. In 1925 Mussolini stated publicly that although Anglo-American Freemasonry was acceptable to him, the Grand Orient Freemasonry of Italy was part of the larger French Grand Orient, which he stated was subversive.He then outlawed Grand Orient Freemasonry.<ref name="bessel.org">[http://bessel.org/naziartl.htm]</ref>

In 1923 the Italian leader [[Mussolini]] ordered through his Fascist Council that members of the ruling Fascist political party who were Freemasons had to give up one or the other. In 1925 Mussolini stated publicly that although Anglo-American Freemasonry was acceptable to him, the Grand Orient Freemasonry of Italy was part of the larger French Grand Orient, which he stated was subversive.He then outlawed Grand Orient Freemasonry.<ref name="bessel.org">[http://bessel.org/naziartl.htm]</ref>