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But an extensive medical investigation that was published by the [[American Medical Association]]'s peer-reviewed flagship journal, ''JAMA'', concluded that:
 
But an extensive medical investigation that was published by the [[American Medical Association]]'s peer-reviewed flagship journal, ''JAMA'', concluded that:
 
{{cquote|The hands could be nailed or tied to the crossbar, but nailing apparently was preferred by the Romans.  The nails were tapered iron spikes approximately 5 to 7 in (13 to 18 cm) long with a square shaft 3/8 in (1 cm) across.  The nails commonly were driven through the wrists rather than the palms.<ref>https://www.cbcg.org/scourging-crucifixion.html</ref>}}
 
{{cquote|The hands could be nailed or tied to the crossbar, but nailing apparently was preferred by the Romans.  The nails were tapered iron spikes approximately 5 to 7 in (13 to 18 cm) long with a square shaft 3/8 in (1 cm) across.  The nails commonly were driven through the wrists rather than the palms.<ref>https://www.cbcg.org/scourging-crucifixion.html</ref>}}
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It is estimated that "00,000 to 150,000 people before Emperor Constantine outlawed the practice in A.D. 337 after converting to Christianity."<ref name="Artnet">https://news.artnet.com/art-world/archaeologists-discover-best-physical-evidence-crucifixion-2045534</ref>
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Although there is extensive written evidence about the [[Roman]] practice of crucifixion, which was learned from the [[Carthaginian]]s, only 5 crucified artifacts have been discovered in modern times: "ones from Gavello, Italy, and Mendes, Egypt, have been identified .... Construction workers in Jerusalem found the only other one featuring a nail in 1968, but the body was not intact, and thus is not fully accepted as firm evidence of crucifixion ...."<ref name="Artnet"/>
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
 
*[[Shroud of Turin]]
 
*[[Shroud of Turin]]
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