Changes

==U.S. Senate: filibuster, Republican inability to overcome==

==U.S. Senate: filibuster, Republican inability to overcome==

"Old Guard" conservative Republican senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]], the sponsor of the Federal Elections Bill of 1890, initiated the legislative introduction of the Dyer Bill into the Senate though placated the party's side of the debate into [[California]] colleague Samuel M. Shortridge,<ref name=greenidge>Greenidge, Kerry K. (November 19, 2019). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Black_Radical_The_Life_and_Times_of_Will/SwOLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dyer+bill+lodge+shortridge&pg=PP287&printsec=frontcover Black Radical: The Life and Times of William Monroe Trotter]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref> a diligent supporter of the anti-lynching legislation praised by the NAACP:<ref name=thecrisis1921,p.216-17>National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1921). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Crisis/KqMTAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dyer+bill+lodge+shortridge&pg=RA2-PA216&printsec=frontcover The Crisis: Vols. 22–24], pp. 216–17. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref>

"Old Guard" conservative Republican senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.]], the sponsor of the Federal Elections Bill of 1890, initiated the legislative introduction of the Dyer Bill into the Senate though placated the party's side of the debate into [[California]] colleague Samuel M. Shortridge,<ref name=greenidge>Greenidge, Kerry K. (November 19, 2019). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Black_Radical_The_Life_and_Times_of_Will/SwOLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dyer+bill+lodge+shortridge&pg=PP287&printsec=frontcover Black Radical: The Life and Times of William Monroe Trotter]. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref> a diligent supporter of the anti-lynching legislation praised by the NAACP:<ref name=thecrisis1921,p.216-17>National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1921). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Crisis/KqMTAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=dyer+bill+lodge+shortridge&pg=RA2-PA216&printsec=frontcover The Crisis: Vols. 22–24], pp. 216–17. ''Google Books''. Retrieved May 28, 2023.</ref>

{{cquote|We are extremely fortunate in having Senator Shortridge chosen to lead the fight for the bill. He is the one member of the Sen- ate Committee on the Judiciary who has all along held the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill to be entirely constitutional. A number of the other Republican members were in favor of the bill and pledged their support, but were doubtful about the constitutionality of certain of its provisions. Senator Shortridge has all along stood one hundred per cent for the bill. Furthermore, Senator Shortridge is a brave fighter. In the discussions which took place in the Committee he never hesitated to meet the stock arguments of the southern members of the Committee with a frontal attack and demolish them. When these southern members put up the subtle argument of white man to white man, that if the Anti-Lynching Bill were enacted it would encourage the crime of rape among Negroes in the South, Senator Shortridge met them with facts and statistics and hammered them into silence.|||NAACP, 1921}}

{{cquote|We are extremely fortunate in having Senator Shortridge chosen to lead the fight for the bill. He is the one member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary who has all along held the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill to be entirely constitutional. A number of the other Republican members were in favor of the bill and pledged their support, but were doubtful about the constitutionality of certain of its provisions. Senator Shortridge has all along stood one hundred per cent for the bill. Furthermore, Senator Shortridge is a brave fighter. In the discussions which took place in the Committee he never hesitated to meet the stock arguments of the southern members of the Committee with a frontal attack and demolish them. When these southern members put up the subtle argument of white man to white man, that if the Anti-Lynching Bill were enacted it would encourage the crime of rape among Negroes in the South, Senator Shortridge met them with facts and statistics and hammered them into silence.|||NAACP, 1921}}

The NAACP also noted the support for the bill by Shortridge's California senatorial colleague [[Hiram Johnson]] as "one of the most powerful figures in Congress, has pledged himself to do whatever lies in his power in behalf of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill."<ref name=thecrisis1921,p.216-17/> Johnson wrote in a letter to the organization's assistant director Walter F. White:

The NAACP also noted the support for the bill by Shortridge's California senatorial colleague [[Hiram Johnson]] as "one of the most powerful figures in Congress, has pledged himself to do whatever lies in his power in behalf of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill."<ref name=thecrisis1921,p.216-17/> Johnson wrote in a letter to the organization's assistant director Walter F. White:

{{cquote|I duly received your letter of July. 14, relating to the Anti-Lynching Bill. I have been in touch with this bill while it has been pending before the Judiciary Committee. Many questions arose concerning the various provisions of the bill, and the objections in the opinion of the majority of the Judiciary Committee were finally met by amendments, and the bill favorably reported.

{{cquote|I duly received your letter of July. 14, relating to the Anti-Lynching Bill. I have been in touch with this bill while it has been pending before the Judiciary Committee. Many questions arose concerning the various provisions of the bill, and the objections in the opinion of the majority of the Judiciary Committee were finally met by amendments, and the bill favorably reported.