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'''Cicero''' (106-43 BC) (full name '''Marcus Tullius Cicero''') was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] consul, orator, statesman, lawyer, philosopher, and academic skeptic, as well as being a prolific writer of books. In the time after the assassination of [[Julius Caesar]], Cicero became one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and a rival to [[Mark Antony]].  Cicero's attempts to rid himself of Antony failed, leading to Cicero's death while fleeing the Roman heartland due to the alliance of Antony and [[Octavian]]. What is particularly spectacular about Cicero is that he was a 'new man'. At that time, the Senate was dominated by the same old, noble families, who were often prejudiced against what they viewed as new, unexperienced upstarts. Cicero, despite being from a poor unknown family, managed to attain the rank of consul, the highest rank in the Republic at that time.

'''Cicero''' (106-43 BC) (full name '''Marcus Tullius Cicero''') was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] consul, orator, statesman, lawyer, philosopher, and academic skeptic, as well as being a prolific writer of books. In the time after the assassination of [[Julius Caesar]], Cicero became one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and a rival to [[Mark Antony]].  Cicero's attempts to rid himself of Antony failed, leading to Cicero's death while fleeing the Roman heartland due to the alliance of Antony and [[Octavian]]. What is particularly spectacular about Cicero is that he was a 'new man'. At that time, the Senate was dominated by the same old, noble families, who were often prejudiced against what they viewed as new, unexperienced upstarts. Cicero, despite being from a poor unknown family, managed to attain the rank of consul, the highest rank in the Republic at that time.

==Rhetoric==

==Rhetoric==

Cicero is considered to be one of the greatest orators and speech writers the world has ever known and a father to modern legalists and barristers.  He had an enormous influence on European thought, 1500-1900, and on American thought, 1770-1900.

Cicero is considered to be one of the greatest orators and speech writers the world has ever known and a father to modern legalists and barristers.  He had an enormous influence on European thought, 1500–1900, and on American thought, 1770–1900.

==Philosophy==

==Philosophy==

Cicero’s philosophical works were core texts in the traditional Latin-based liberal arts curriculum. His ethical and political texts include ''De Officiis'', ''De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum'', ''De Re Publica'', and ''De Legibus''. ''De Officiis'', ''On Duties'', was a standard text on ethics read by every educated student prior to the 19th century. It was treasured by scholars and theologians including St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, and Thomas Aquinas. It was championed by Petrarch, Erasmus, Grotius, [[John Locke|Locke]], Hume, Jefferson, John Adams, and James Wilson. Cicero was a staunch defender of property rights, natural law, and republican values.

Cicero's philosophical works were core texts in the traditional Latin-based liberal arts curriculum. His ethical and political texts include ''De Officiis'', ''De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum'', ''De Re Publica'', and ''De Legibus''. ''De Officiis'', ''On Duties'', was a standard text on ethics read by every educated student prior to the 19th century. It was treasured by scholars and theologians including St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, and Thomas Aquinas. It was championed by Petrarch, Erasmus, Grotius, [[John Locke|Locke]], Hume, Jefferson, John Adams, and James Wilson. Cicero was a staunch defender of property rights, natural law, and republican values.

==Roman politics==

==Roman politics==

[[Image:Maccari-cicero denounces Catiline.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Cicero Denounces Catiline, by Cesare Maccari]]

[[Image:Maccari-cicero denounces Catiline.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Cicero Denounces Catiline, by Cesare Maccari]]