Changes

Pocock (1981) traces the Machiavellian belief in and emphasis upon Greco-Roman ideals of unspecialized civic virtue and liberty from 15th century Florence through 17th century England and Scotland to 18th century America. Thinkers who shared these ideals tended to believe that the function of property was to maintain an individual's independence as a precondition of his virtue. Consequently, in the last two times and places mentioned above, they were disposed to attack the new commercial and financial regime that was beginning to develop. However, Paul Rahe (1992) takes issue with Pocock on the origins and argues Machiavelli's republicanism was not rooted in antiquity but was is entirely novel and modern. Scholars have argued that [[James Madison]] followed Machiavelli's republicanism when he set up the [[Jeffersonian Republicans]] in 1792, a party opposed to [[Alexander Hamilton]] and the [[Federalist Party|Federalists]].<ref>Gary Rosen in Rahe, ed. ''Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521851874/ref=sib_dp_pop_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S008#reader-link p. 231 online]</ref> Conservative historians likewise conclude that [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s republicanism was "deeply in debt" to Machiavelli, whom he praised.<ref>Rahe, ''Jefferson's Machiavellian Political Science'' in Rahe, ed. ''Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521851874/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link p. 209 online]</ref>

Pocock (1981) traces the Machiavellian belief in and emphasis upon Greco-Roman ideals of unspecialized civic virtue and liberty from 15th century Florence through 17th century England and Scotland to 18th century America. Thinkers who shared these ideals tended to believe that the function of property was to maintain an individual's independence as a precondition of his virtue. Consequently, in the last two times and places mentioned above, they were disposed to attack the new commercial and financial regime that was beginning to develop. However, Paul Rahe (1992) takes issue with Pocock on the origins and argues Machiavelli's republicanism was not rooted in antiquity but was is entirely novel and modern. Scholars have argued that [[James Madison]] followed Machiavelli's republicanism when he set up the [[Jeffersonian Republicans]] in 1792, a party opposed to [[Alexander Hamilton]] and the [[Federalist Party|Federalists]].<ref>Gary Rosen in Rahe, ed. ''Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521851874/ref=sib_dp_pop_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S008#reader-link p. 231 online]</ref> Conservative historians likewise conclude that [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s republicanism was "deeply in debt" to Machiavelli, whom he praised.<ref>Rahe, ''Jefferson's Machiavellian Political Science'' in Rahe, ed. ''Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521851874/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link p. 209 online]</ref>

=== Usage of the term Machiavellianism in political science ===

=== Usage of the term Machiavellianism in political science ===

Shortly after arrival of the [[Bolshevik]] leader [[Lenin]] to the [[Petrograd]], the [[French]] [[ambassador]] to [[Russia]] Maurice Paléologue named him in his diary a [[Machiavellian]]. Paléologue thought the [[Marxist]] theorist Lenin to be all the more dangerous because Lenin was said to be pure-minded, temperate and [[Ascesis|ascetic]], whereas in Paléologue's view Lenin was in fact a combination of an [[utopian]] dreamer and fanatic, prophet and [[metaphysician]], blind to any idea of the impossible and absurd, a stranger to feelings of [[justice]] or [[mercy]], violent, and crazy with vanity. Paléologue further described Lenin as being a compound of Savanorola and [[Jean Paul Marat|Marat]], [[Blanqui]] and [[Leftist#Bakunin|Bakunin]].<ref name="HRappaport2016">{{cite book |title=Caught in the Revolution: Petrograd 1917 |author=Hellen Rappaport |publisher=Windmill books |place=Great Britain |year=2016 |chapter=9 Bolsheviki! It Sounds 'Like All that the World Fears' |pages=166 |isbn=978-00995-92426 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao-GCwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

Shortly after arrival of the [[Bolshevik]] leader [[Lenin]] to the [[Petrograd]], the [[French]] [[ambassador]] to [[Russia]] Maurice Paléologue named him in his diary a [[Machiavellian]]. Paléologue thought the [[Marxist]] theorist Lenin to be all the more dangerous because Lenin was said to be pure-minded, temperate and [[Ascesis|ascetic]], whereas in Paléologue's view Lenin was in fact a combination of an [[utopian]] dreamer and fanatic, prophet and [[metaphysician]], blind to any idea of the impossible and absurd, a stranger to feelings of [[justice]] or [[mercy]], violent, and crazy with vanity. Paléologue further described Lenin as being a compound of Savanorola and [[Jean Paul Marat|Marat]], [[Blanqui]] and [[Leftist#Bakunin|Bakunin]].<ref name="HRappaport2016">{{cite book |title=Caught in the Revolution: Petrograd 1917 |author=Hellen Rappaport |publisher=Windmill books |place=Great Britain |year=2016 |chapter=9 Bolsheviki! It Sounds 'Like All that the World Fears' |pages=166 |isbn=978-00995-92426 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao-GCwAAQBAJ}}</ref>