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'''Radical Republicans''' were members of the [[Republican Party]] from 1854-77<ref>https://www.sidmartinbio.org/who-were-the-radical-republicans-and-what-did-they-do/</ref> in the era of the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction]]. They took the lead in demanding the abolition of [[slavery]] and worked to ensure that Freedmen (freed slaves) would have complete equality with white citizens. In addition, they believed that punitive measures should be taken against the Southern States for seceding from the Union.  The Radicals demanded, and sometimes got, more vigorous prosecution of the war against the Confederacy and a quicker end to slavery.  They often opposed [[Abraham Lincoln]], the leader of the moderate Republicans.  The Radicals vehemently opposed President [[Andrew Johnson]]. They were reluctant to readmit the white South to full status during Reconstruction, and concentrated on giving civil rights, and the right to vote, to Freedmen (freed slaves). After Reconstruction collapsed in 1877 the remaining Radicals formed the "[[Stalwart]]" faction of the Republican Party. During its prominence, Radical Republicans devoted their energy and vigor to civil rights protections without cohesive unity on economic issues.

'''Radical Republicans''' were members of the [[Republican Party]] from 1854 to 1877<ref>https://www.sidmartinbio.org/who-were-the-radical-republicans-and-what-did-they-do/</ref> in the era of the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction]]. They took the lead in demanding the abolition of [[slavery]] and worked to ensure that Freedmen (freed slaves) would have complete equality with white citizens. In addition, they believed that punitive measures should be taken against the Southern States for seceding from the Union.  The Radicals demanded, and sometimes got, more vigorous prosecution of the war against the Confederacy and a quicker end to slavery.  They often opposed [[Abraham Lincoln]], the leader of the moderate Republicans.  The Radicals vehemently opposed President [[Andrew Johnson]]. They were reluctant to readmit the white South to full status during Reconstruction, and concentrated on giving civil rights, and the right to vote, to Freedmen (freed slaves). After Reconstruction collapsed in 1877 the remaining Radicals formed the "[[Stalwart]]" faction of the Republican Party. During its prominence, Radical Republicans devoted their energy and vigor to civil rights protections without cohesive unity on economic issues.

The main leaders were Representative [[Thaddeus Stevens]] of Pennsylvania and Senator [[Charles Sumner]] of Massachusetts. Another prominent figure was Sen. [[Zachariah Chandler]] of [[Michigan]]. Other Radical Republicans included [[Benjamin Wade]] of [[Ohio]], [[William H. Seward]] of [[New York]], [[William B. Allison]] and [[James F. Wilson]] of [[Iowa]], [[George F. Hoar]] and Benjamin Butler of [[Massachusetts]] as well as [[John C. Fremont]] of [[California]].

The main leaders were Representative [[Thaddeus Stevens]] of Pennsylvania and Senator [[Charles Sumner]] of Massachusetts. Another prominent figure was Sen. [[Zachariah Chandler]] of [[Michigan]]. Other Radical Republicans included [[Benjamin Wade]] of [[Ohio]], [[William H. Seward]] of [[New York]], [[William B. Allison]] and [[James F. Wilson]] of [[Iowa]], [[George F. Hoar]] and Benjamin Butler of [[Massachusetts]] as well as [[John C. Fremont]] of [[California]].

* Mantell, Martin E. ''Johnson, Grant and the Politics of Reconstruction.'' (1973). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89815306 online edition]

* Mantell, Martin E. ''Johnson, Grant and the Politics of Reconstruction.'' (1973). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89815306 online edition]

* Milton, George Fort. ''The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals.'' (1930). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14804076 online edition], popular history; attacks Radicals

* Milton, George Fort. ''The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals.'' (1930). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14804076 online edition], popular history; attacks Radicals

* Rhodes, James G. ''History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6.'' (1920). 1865-72; Volume: 7. (1920). 1872-77; Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer prize winner; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of white Southerners. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24644891 vol 6 1865-1872 online];  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94138962 vol 7 online] [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJCsjJGGGkEC&printsec=toc&dq=editions:0h6OGE9rylxBiYR2h--0ld&sig=-0Uo5fvxEh_9X-gOp_DMaPahB7o vol 6 online at Google.books]  [https://books.google.com/books?id=2H0sAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:United+intitle:States+inauthor:Rhodes+inauthor:James&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=DEDU1uq-x1NIxv55x4PQzElYfEM vol 7 in Google.books]

* Rhodes, James G. ''History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6.'' (1920). 1865–72; Volume: 7. (1920). 1872–77; Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer prize winner; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of white Southerners. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24644891 vol 6 1865-1872 online];  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94138962 vol 7 online] [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJCsjJGGGkEC&printsec=toc&dq=editions:0h6OGE9rylxBiYR2h--0ld&sig=-0Uo5fvxEh_9X-gOp_DMaPahB7o vol 6 online at Google.books]  [https://books.google.com/books?id=2H0sAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:United+intitle:States+inauthor:Rhodes+inauthor:James&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=DEDU1uq-x1NIxv55x4PQzElYfEM vol 7 in Google.books]

* Simpson, Brooks D. ''Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861-1868'' (1991).

* Simpson, Brooks D. ''Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861-1868'' (1991).

* Stryker, Lloyd Paul; ''Andrew Johnson: A Study in Courage'' (1929) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=295401 online version] anti-Radical

* Stryker, Lloyd Paul; ''Andrew Johnson: A Study in Courage'' (1929) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=295401 online version] anti-Radical

* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/holden/holden.html  ''Memoirs of W. W. Holden'' (1911)], North Carolina Scalawag governor

* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/holden/holden.html  ''Memoirs of W. W. Holden'' (1911)], North Carolina Scalawag governor

* Hyman, Harold M., ed. ''The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861-1870''. (1967), collection of long political speeches and pamphlets.

* Hyman, Harold M., ed. ''The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861-1870''. (1967), collection of long political speeches and pamphlets.

* McPherson, Edward. [https://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN04007498&id=kaG2Am68tuAC&pg=PP3&dq=mcpherson+period+of+reconstruction '' The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction'' (1875)], large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865-1870, complete text online. [The copyright has expired.]

* McPherson, Edward. [https://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN04007498&id=kaG2Am68tuAC&pg=PP3&dq=mcpherson+period+of+reconstruction '' The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction'' (1875)], large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online. [The copyright has expired.]

* Nicolay, John  and John Hay, "The Wade-Davis Manifesto"  ''Century'' (July 1889): pp 414–21 [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABP2287-0038-89 online version] hoe Lincoln vetoes the Radical plan for Reconstruction; Nicolay and Hay were top aides to Lincoln

* Nicolay, John  and John Hay, "The Wade-Davis Manifesto"  ''Century'' (July 1889): pp 414–21 [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABP2287-0038-89 online version] hoe Lincoln vetoes the Radical plan for Reconstruction; Nicolay and Hay were top aides to Lincoln

* Palmer, Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa, eds. ''The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens'' 2 vol (1998), 900pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens

* Palmer, Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa, eds. ''The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens'' 2 vol (1998), 900pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens