Changes

Denver was at a disadvantage in the 19th century because the transcontinental routes ran 200 miles north of the city, through Cheyenne, Wyoming, which became  the primary way station for wagon trains, stage lines, and rail lines passing through the northern Rockies. Pilots at first preferred Cheyenne, and it won the first round of competition when the US Post Office decided to fly mail through Wyoming in 1920. Denver business leaders never stopped competing, however, and struggled to get a share of the traffic. By the mid-1930s they convinced some passenger airlines to move their operations to Colorado. After World War II, Denver wrested full control of Rocky Mountain air traffic from Cheyenne, making the city's Stapleton airport the major regional hub.<ref>Roger D. Launius, and Jessie L. Embry, "Cheyenne Versus Denver: City Rivalry and the Quest for Transcontinental Air Routes." ''Annals of Wyoming'' 1996 68(3): 8-23. Issn: 1086-7368</ref>  

Denver was at a disadvantage in the 19th century because the transcontinental routes ran 200 miles north of the city, through Cheyenne, Wyoming, which became  the primary way station for wagon trains, stage lines, and rail lines passing through the northern Rockies. Pilots at first preferred Cheyenne, and it won the first round of competition when the US Post Office decided to fly mail through Wyoming in 1920. Denver business leaders never stopped competing, however, and struggled to get a share of the traffic. By the mid-1930s they convinced some passenger airlines to move their operations to Colorado. After World War II, Denver wrested full control of Rocky Mountain air traffic from Cheyenne, making the city's Stapleton airport the major regional hub.<ref>Roger D. Launius, and Jessie L. Embry, "Cheyenne Versus Denver: City Rivalry and the Quest for Transcontinental Air Routes." ''Annals of Wyoming'' 1996 68(3): 8-23. Issn: 1086-7368</ref>  

[[Denver International Airport]] (DIA) is one of the world's ten busiest facilities and is the main hub for Frontier Airlines as well as a major hub for United Airlines (which takes up all of Terminal B) and Southwest Airlines.  DIA has four north-south runways and two east-west runways. The concourses and Jeppesen Terminal (with its Teflon-coated fiberglass roof) are in the center of the airfield. 95 airlines operated 1175 passenger flights daily in 2006, with 130,000 passengers a day.  The airport is operating close to capacity and plans to spend $1 billion through 2013 on its concourses, concession areas, security checkpoints, parking lots and baggage system.<ref>See Chris Walsh, "DIA bursting at the seams," ''Rocky Mountain News'' September 29, 2007 at [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/airlines/article/0,2777,DRMN_23912_5710157,00.html]</ref> There are numerous flights to Mexico and Canada, and three to Europe. 44% of the passengers are making connections in Denver; Los Angeles is the chief point of origin.  DIA replaced inner-city Stapleton International Airport (1929-1995). Once open range country, the area near DIA is undergoing rapid construction of homes, hotels and warehouses.  

[[Denver International Airport]] (DIA) is one of the world's ten busiest facilities and is the main hub for Frontier Airlines as well as a major hub for United Airlines (which takes up all of Terminal B) and Southwest Airlines.  DIA has four north–south runways and two east–west runways. The concourses and Jeppesen Terminal (with its Teflon-coated fiberglass roof) are in the center of the airfield. 95 airlines operated 1175 passenger flights daily in 2006, with 130,000 passengers a day.  The airport is operating close to capacity and plans to spend $1 billion through 2013 on its concourses, concession areas, security checkpoints, parking lots and baggage system.<ref>See Chris Walsh, "DIA bursting at the seams," ''Rocky Mountain News'' September 29, 2007 at [http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/airlines/article/0,2777,DRMN_23912_5710157,00.html]</ref> There are numerous flights to Mexico and Canada, and three to Europe. 44% of the passengers are making connections in Denver; Los Angeles is the chief point of origin.  DIA replaced inner-city Stapleton International Airport (1929-1995). Once open range country, the area near DIA is undergoing rapid construction of homes, hotels and warehouses.  

In 2006 the $1.67 billion T-REX project widened Interstates 25 and I-225 and added 19 miles of light rail connecting Metro Denver's two largest employment centers: The Central Business District and the Denver Tech Center.

In 2006 the $1.67 billion T-REX project widened Interstates 25 and I-225 and added 19 miles of light rail connecting Metro Denver's two largest employment centers: The Central Business District and the Denver Tech Center.

==Downtown==

==Downtown==

At the center of downtown is the Denver Civic Center, a 40-acre (16-hectare) complex of parks and government buildings. At opposite ends of the Center are the City-County Building and the State Capitol. The Capitol is 272 feet (83 meters) high and has a dome covered with local gold. By the time the capitol was completed in 1900 (at 170% over budget) the building—a difficult-to-maintain hodgepodge of dirt-collecting nooks and crannies, grumblers said—was instantly too small. In the 21st century the debate is whether Colorado's aging yet "most important building" deserves a mere nip and tuck or an extreme makeover.<ref>Derek R. Everett, ''The Colorado State Capitol: History, Politics, Preservation.'' 2005.</ref>  Nearby are the Art Museum, and the Denver Public Library (which contains more than one million volumes, especially famous for its research collection in western history). The United States Mint makes half the nation's coins.  

At the center of downtown is the Denver Civic Center, a 40-acre (16-hectare) complex of parks and government buildings. At opposite ends of the center are the City-County Building and the State Capitol. The Capitol is 272 feet (83 meters) high and has a dome covered with local gold. By the time the capitol was completed in 1900 (at 170% over budget) the building—a difficult-to-maintain hodgepodge of dirt-collecting nooks and crannies, grumblers said—was instantly too small. In the 21st century the debate is whether Colorado's aging yet "most important building" deserves a mere nip and tuck or an extreme makeover.<ref>Derek R. Everett, ''The Colorado State Capitol: History, Politics, Preservation.'' 2005.</ref>  Nearby are the Art Museum, and the Denver Public Library (which contains more than one million volumes, especially famous for its research collection in western history). The United States Mint makes half the nation's coins.  

Until the 1950s buildings in Denver could not be higher than 12 stories, but since then a number of skyscrapers more than 40 stories tall have been added to the city skyline, including the Arco Tower, Anaconda Tower, Great West Plaza, and the Amoco Building. During the 1970s an extensive urban renewal program was undertaken in downtown Denver, leading to the creation of a three-square block convention center and an elaborate theater complex, the Denver Center for the Performing Arts.

Until the 1950s buildings in Denver could not be higher than 12 stories, but since then a number of skyscrapers more than 40 stories tall have been added to the city skyline, including the Arco Tower, Anaconda Tower, Great West Plaza, and the Amoco Building. During the 1970s an extensive urban renewal program was undertaken in downtown Denver, leading to the creation of a three-square block convention center and an elaborate theater complex, the Denver Center for the Performing Arts.

==History==

==History==

Denver was started during the turbulent Pikes Peak gold rush of 1859-1860, when thousands walked across the plains in search of wealth. Two small settlements, Denver City and Auraria, were consolidated in 1860; the city was named after the governor of Kansas. Population reached 4700 in 1860 and remained the same a decade later. The first city hall was built on stilts in the middle of a stream.  Boom and bust characterized the early years, 1859-1870. In 1863 a fire destroyed much of Denver, and the next year a flash flood destroyed the precariously built city hall on stilts.  

Denver was started during the turbulent Pikes Peak gold rush of 1859–1860, when thousands walked across the plains in search of wealth. Two small settlements, Denver City and Auraria, were consolidated in 1860; the city was named after the governor of Kansas. Population reached 4700 in 1860 and remained the same a decade later. The first city hall was built on stilts in the middle of a stream.  Boom and bust characterized the early years, 1859–1870. In 1863 a fire destroyed much of Denver, and the next year a flash flood destroyed the precariously built city hall on stilts.  

In 1861 Colorado became a territory, with a governor appointed by President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. In 1867 Denver became the capital. The major obstacles to the city's growth were its isolation from the East and the Midwest and the lack of a stable income-producing economy. The Indian wars on the plains and heavy winter snowstorms east of the city were a constant threat to the connections with Kansas and points eastward. In 1863 the telegraph arrived.  The coming of the railroads integrated the city further with the rest of the nation. In 1870 the Denver Pacific Railroad north to Cheyenne, Wyoming, linked into the transcontinental [[Union Pacific Railroad]], while the Kansas Pacific Railroad linked across the plains to Kansas City. The [[Denver and Rio Grande Railroad]] south to Pueblo opened in 1871, thus making Denver the  hub of all mining and ranching areas in Colorado; the population hit 36,000 in 1880.  

In 1861 Colorado became a territory, with a governor appointed by President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. In 1867 Denver became the capital. The major obstacles to the city's growth were its isolation from the East and the Midwest and the lack of a stable income-producing economy. The Indian wars on the plains and heavy winter snowstorms east of the city were a constant threat to the connections with Kansas and points eastward. In 1863 the telegraph arrived.  The coming of the railroads integrated the city further with the rest of the nation. In 1870 the Denver Pacific Railroad north to Cheyenne, Wyoming, linked into the transcontinental [[Union Pacific Railroad]], while the Kansas Pacific Railroad linked across the plains to Kansas City. The [[Denver and Rio Grande Railroad]] south to Pueblo opened in 1871, thus making Denver the  hub of all mining and ranching areas in Colorado; the population hit 36,000 in 1880.  

Local boosters created the National Stock Growers Conventions in 1898 and 1899. The National Western Stock Show began in 1907 as an annual event attracting cattlemen from a wide region. The [[Progressive Era]] brought an [[Efficiency Movement]], typified in 1902 when the city and Denver County were made [[coextensive]];<ref>Since then both the city and the county have been governed by a nonpartisan mayor and nine-member council.</ref> Denver pioneered the juvenile court movement under Judge [[Ben Lindsey]] (1869-1943), a nationally famous reformer.<ref>[http://100.juvenilelaw.net/Judges/Lindsay.htm See]</ref> Mayor Robert Speer was a prominent progressive who gave the city world leadership in building parks. Boasting itself the "Queen City of the Plains," Denver hosted the Democratic National Convention in 1908, then waited 100 years for its return.   

Local boosters created the National Stock Growers Conventions in 1898 and 1899. The National Western Stock Show began in 1907 as an annual event attracting cattlemen from a wide region. The [[Progressive Era]] brought an [[Efficiency Movement]], typified in 1902 when the city and Denver County were made [[coextensive]];<ref>Since then both the city and the county have been governed by a nonpartisan mayor and nine-member council.</ref> Denver pioneered the juvenile court movement under Judge [[Ben Lindsey]] (1869-1943), a nationally famous reformer.<ref>[http://100.juvenilelaw.net/Judges/Lindsay.htm See]</ref> Mayor Robert Speer was a prominent progressive who gave the city world leadership in building parks. Boasting itself the "Queen City of the Plains," Denver hosted the Democratic National Convention in 1908, then waited 100 years for its return.   

Women suffrage came early, in 1893, led by married middle class women who organized first for prohibition and then for suffrage, with the goal of upholding [[Republicanism, U.S.|republican citizenship]] for women and purifying society. The Denver Fortnighly Club played a major role.  Caroline Nichols Churchill, edited and published the ''Colorado Antelope'', subsequently the ''Queen Bee'', beginning in 1879 and boasted that she and her journal played a crucial role in the passage of the referendum in 1893 that granted the vote to women in Colorado. There was a strained relationship between the radical and eccentric Churchill and the mainstream women, as Churchill was a confrontational and outspoken proponent of the equal rights of minority ethnic groups.<ref>Jennifer A. Thompson, "From Travel Writer to Newspaper Editor: Caroline Churchill and the Development of Her Political Ideology Within the Public Sphere." ''Frontiers'' 1999 20(3): 42-63. Issn: 0160-9009 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0160-9009%281999%2920%3A3%3C42%3AFTWTNE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K in Jstor]</ref>

Women suffrage came early, in 1893, led by married middle-class women who organized first for prohibition and then for suffrage, with the goal of upholding [[Republicanism, U.S.|republican citizenship]] for women and purifying society. The Denver Fortnighly Club played a major role.  Caroline Nichols Churchill, edited and published the ''Colorado Antelope'', subsequently the ''Queen Bee'', beginning in 1879 and boasted that she and her journal played a crucial role in the passage of the referendum in 1893 that granted the vote to women in Colorado. There was a strained relationship between the radical and eccentric Churchill and the mainstream women, as Churchill was a confrontational and outspoken proponent of the equal rights of minority ethnic groups.<ref>Jennifer A. Thompson, "From Travel Writer to Newspaper Editor: Caroline Churchill and the Development of Her Political Ideology Within the Public Sphere." ''Frontiers'' 1999 20(3): 42-63. Issn: 0160-9009 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0160-9009%281999%2920%3A3%3C42%3AFTWTNE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K in Jstor]</ref>

===1920-1980===

===1920-1980===

A professional agitator, named Jeremiah Elliott, baited and assaulted multiple peaceful demonstrators while his ''[[Denver Post]]'' camera wing lady, Helen Richards, was busy capturing the fictitious ‘right wing extremists’ in action.  During Elliots multiple verbal assaults on peaceful demonstrators, Richards was always right next to him capturing the action.

A professional agitator, named Jeremiah Elliott, baited and assaulted multiple peaceful demonstrators while his ''[[Denver Post]]'' camera wing lady, Helen Richards, was busy capturing the fictitious ‘right wing extremists’ in action.  During Elliots multiple verbal assaults on peaceful demonstrators, Richards was always right next to him capturing the action.

This agitprop campaign was lead by Helen Richards and Zak Newman, a Denver NBC affiliate 9News producer, and it was clearly aimed at generating [[progressive]] [[propaganda]] footage. Unfortunately, just as in any [[violent]] [[revolution]]ary activity, the business of manufacturing violent news is riddled with casualties. This event was no exception. Richards’ and Newman’s little Pulitzer prize initiative ended abruptly when Matthew Dolloff, another Antifa-BLM-Green activist and Zak Newman’s paid muscle, murdered Lee Keltner in cold blood, all while Richards was capturing the murder on her cameras and satiating her lust for [[conservative]] blood.

This agitprop campaign was lead by Helen Richards and Zak Newman, a Denver NBC affiliate 9News producer, and it was clearly aimed at generating [[progressive]] [[propaganda]] footage. Unfortunately, just as in any [[violent]] [[revolution]]ary activity, the business of manufacturing violent news is riddled with casualties. This event was no exception. Richards’ and Newman's little Pulitzer prize initiative ended abruptly when Matthew Dolloff, another Antifa-BLM-Green activist and Zak Newman's paid muscle, murdered Lee Keltner in cold blood, all while Richards was capturing the murder on her cameras and satiating her lust for [[conservative]] blood.

NBC affiliate producer Zak Newman, BGM provocateur Jeremiah Elliot, and hired Anifa goon Matt Dolloff were seen by eyewitnesses [[colluding]] together shortly before the shooting.<ref>[https://youtu.be/l_Y7toeb_Dk Tucker Carlson interview with Patriot Muster organizer John ‘Tig’ Tiegen]</ref>

NBC affiliate producer Zak Newman, BGM provocateur Jeremiah Elliot, and hired Anifa goon Matt Dolloff were seen by eyewitnesses [[colluding]] together shortly before the shooting.<ref>[https://youtu.be/l_Y7toeb_Dk Tucker Carlson interview with Patriot Muster organizer John ‘Tig’ Tiegen]</ref>

* Hero, Rodney. and Kathleen Beatty. "The Election of Frederico Peña as Mayor of Denver: Analysis and Implications," ''Social Science Quarterly'' 70 (June 1989): 300–310.

* Hero, Rodney. and Kathleen Beatty. "The Election of Frederico Peña as Mayor of Denver: Analysis and Implications," ''Social Science Quarterly'' 70 (June 1989): 300–310.

* Jones, William C. and Kenton Forrest.  ''Denver: A Pictorial History from Frontier Camp to Queen City of the Plains.'' 1973. 334 pp.   

* Jones, William C. and Kenton Forrest.  ''Denver: A Pictorial History from Frontier Camp to Queen City of the Plains.'' 1973. 334 pp.   

* Kaufmann, Karen Malmuth.  "Voting in American Cities: The Group Interest Theory of Local Voting Behavior."  PhD dissertation U. of California, Los Angeles 1998. 251 pp.  DAI 1999 59(9): 3629-A. DA9906182  case studies of Denver 1983-1995. Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Kaufmann, Karen Malmuth.  "Voting in American Cities: The Group Interest Theory of Local Voting Behavior."  PhD dissertation U. of California, Los Angeles 1998. 251 pp.  DAI 1999 59(9): 3629-A. DA9906182  case studies of Denver 1983–1995. Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

*  Kelly, George V.  ''The Old Gray Mayors of Denver.'' Boulder, 1974. 266 pp.   

*  Kelly, George V.  ''The Old Gray Mayors of Denver.'' Boulder, 1974. 266 pp.   

* Knapp, Anne Curtis.  "Making an Orderly Society: Criminal Justice in Denver, Colorado, 1858-1900."  PhD dissertation U. of California, San Diego 1983. 324 pp.  DAI 1984 44(11): 3467-A. DA8405206  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* Knapp, Anne Curtis.  "Making an Orderly Society: Criminal Justice in Denver, Colorado, 1858-1900."  PhD dissertation U. of California, San Diego 1983. 324 pp.  DAI 1984 44(11): 3467-A. DA8405206  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]