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American historian and former Under Secretary of the Air Force  Townsend Hoopes and Rice University history professor Douglas Brinkely confirm:

American historian and former Under Secretary of the Air Force  Townsend Hoopes and Rice University history professor Douglas Brinkely confirm:

{{quotebox-float|One group that particularly attracted CIA attention and support was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), a political-military underground movement that had long fought for Ukrainian independence—first against the Poles in the 1920s when Poland controlled the Ukraine and after 1939 against the Soviets. ‘Though violently anti-Russian, the OUN was itself totalitarian and Fascist in character. as well as anti-Semitic. The Nazis poured money into the OUN after the German invasion of Russia and pretended to support the goal of Ukrainian national independence. In return, a large OUN militia, code-named [[Operation Nachtigall|Nachtigall]], or Nightingale, provided local administrators, informers, and killers for the German invaders. Nazi-sponsored OUN police and militia formations were involved in “thousands of instances of [[mass murder]]s of Jews and of families suspected of aiding [[Red Army]] [[partisan]]s.”<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNzdwQOl8g0C&pg=PT279&lpg=PT279&dq=nightingale+forrestal+ukraine&source=bl&ots=UAWR1ceIV7&sig=sahFMpzYMG-4ZA9wGJ2LwrTS0dc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NxNnU86cGY_eoASAvYCgBg#v=onepage&q=nightingale%20forrestal%20ukraine&f=false]</ref>}}

{{quotebox-float|One group that particularly attracted CIA attention and support was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), a political-military underground movement that had long fought for Ukrainian independence—first against the Poles in the 1920s when Poland controlled the Ukraine and after 1939 against the Soviets. ‘Though violently anti-Russian, the OUN was itself totalitarian and Fascist in character. as well as anti-Semitic. The Nazis poured money into the OUN after the German invasion of Russia and pretended to support the goal of Ukrainian national independence. In return, a large OUN militia, code-named [[World_War_II#Nachtigall Battalion|Nachtigall]], or Nightingale, provided local administrators, informers, and killers for the German invaders. Nazi-sponsored OUN police and militia formations were involved in “thousands of instances of [[mass murder]]s of Jews and of families suspected of aiding [[Red Army]] [[partisan]]s.”<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNzdwQOl8g0C&pg=PT279&lpg=PT279&dq=nightingale+forrestal+ukraine&source=bl&ots=UAWR1ceIV7&sig=sahFMpzYMG-4ZA9wGJ2LwrTS0dc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NxNnU86cGY_eoASAvYCgBg#v=onepage&q=nightingale%20forrestal%20ukraine&f=false]</ref>}}

When the Germans were driven out of the Ukraine, many OUN members who had served the Nazis’ police formations and execution squads fled with them, but several thousand retreated into the [[Carpathian Mountains]] to fight another day. This remaining Nightingale group fascinated the [[CIA]] and was recruited essentially ''en bloc''. Its leaders were brought to the [[United States]] for training.  Nightingale leaders were then parachuted into the Ukraine to link up with their compatriots and to carry out measures of subversion, agitation, and [[sabotage]], including [[assassination]].  The leader of the Nightingale group was the notorious Nazi collaborator [[Stepan Bandera]].

When the Germans were driven out of the Ukraine, many OUN members who had served the Nazis’ police formations and execution squads fled with them, but several thousand retreated into the [[Carpathian Mountains]] to fight another day. This remaining Nightingale group fascinated the [[CIA]] and was recruited essentially ''en bloc''. Its leaders were brought to the [[United States]] for training.  Nightingale leaders were then parachuted into the Ukraine to link up with their compatriots and to carry out measures of subversion, agitation, and [[sabotage]], including [[assassination]].  The leader of the Nightingale group was the notorious Nazi collaborator [[Stepan Bandera]].