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Line 12: − − {{Anchor|Samuel Pisar}} − '''Samuel Pisar''' was born in 1929 in the northeastern Polish town of Białystok. His parents were educated in a post-partition Polish territory that had been part of the Russian Empire since the early nineteenth century—they attended a Russian school, spoke Russian, and were part of the overarching [Imperial Russian]] cultural sphere. After a brief interregnum between the two world wars, the nascent [[Second Polish Republic]] was again partitioned under the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]]. Białystok initially fell under [[Soviet]] control, his father’s local taxi business was nationalized, and a young Pisar was sent to a Russian-language school where he joined the youth division of the [[Soviet Communist Party]] and developed an interest in Russian literature—many decades later, he said that he is still able to quote Russian poets [[Pushkin]] and [[Lermontov]] by heart. − − Białystok was [[Operation Barbarossa|occupied by the Germans in 1941]]. Amid massacres against the [[Jewish]] population, Pisar’s father was arrested and executed for taking part in a resistance group and Samuel was transferred along several concentration camps throughout the war. He was evacuated from [[Auschwitz]] to [[Dachau]] following the [[Red Army]]’s westward offensive. While on a death march near [[Munich]], he said that he and fourteen others fled into the woods after a ground strike by an [[American]] bomber squadron that allegedly mistook his four-thousand-man prisoner convoy for [[German]] soldiers. He was rescued by the [[U.S. Army]] shortly thereafter. − − Pisar went on to become a scholar and international lawyer, earning doctorates from the Sorbonne and [[Harvard University]] and advising the [[John F. Kennedy]] administration on economic and [[foreign affairs]].<!--In a modus operandi that may well have gotten him labeled as a [[Kremlin]] asset in today’s political climate, Pisar devoted the better part of his career to advancing the cause of U.S.-Soviet rapprochement. “After the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], I thought that America and Russia would become partners, and maybe allies. I am still studying this and writing about it. Everything started out well, but it was all ruined shortly afterward—it was agonizing for me,”<ref>In a review of ''New York Times'' reporter Anne Williamson's book, ''Contagion: The Betrayal of Liberty -- Russia and the United States in the 1990s'', Paul Likoudis writes: "According to the [[socialist]] theoreticians at [[Harvard]], Russia needed to be brought into the [[New World Order]] in a hurry; and what better way to do it than [Jeffrey] Sachs' "shock therapy" -- a plan that empowered the degenerate, third-generation descendants of the original [[Bolshevik]]s by assigning them the deeds of Russia's mightiest state-owned industries -- including the giant gas, oil, electrical, and telecommunications industries, the world's largest paper, iron, and steel factories, the world's richest gold, silver, diamond, and platinum mines, automobile and airplane factories, etc. -- who, in turn, sold some of their shares of the properties to Westerners for a song, and pocketed the cash, while retaining control of the companies. − − These third-generation Bolsheviks -- led by former [[Pravda]] hack Yegor Gaidar, grandson of a Bolshevik who achieved prominence as the [[Young mass murders|teenage mass murderer]] of [[White Army]] officers, now heads the Moscow-based Institute for Economies in Transition -- became instant millionaires (or billionaires) and left the Russian workers virtual slaves of them and their new foreign investors."<br>[https://www.blacklistednews.com/HOW_CLINTON_AND_COMPANY_AND_THE_BANKERS_PLUNDERED_RUSSIA_IN_THE_%2790S/48111/0/38/38/Y/M.html HOW CLINTON AND COMPANY AND THE BANKERS PLUNDERED RUSSIA IN THE '90s], Paul Likoudis, January 2, 2016 </ref> he said.--> Throughout his decades-long career, Pisar met with Soviet General Secretary [[Leonid Brezhnev]], Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]], General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], the first Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]], and—through his work as advisor to International Olympic Committee President Juan Antonio Samaranch—Russia’s current leader [[Vladimir Putin]]. He recounted participating in numerous tense diplomatic negotiations as a political advisor: “The confrontation was very dangerous at the time, but we managed to overcome it because there were cool heads in both Moscow and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].”
History of Poland (view source)
Revision as of 20:32, September 30, 2023
, 20:32, September 30, 2023→Second Polish Republic
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, a complicated set of alliances was established amongst the nations of Europe, in the hope of preventing future wars (either with Germany or Soviet Russia). With the rise of [[Nazism]] in Germany, this system of alliances was strengthened by the signing of a series of "mutual assistance" alliances between [[France]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and [[Poland]] (Franco-Polish Alliance and Anglo-Polish Alliance). This agreement stated that in the event of war the other allies were to fully mobilize and carry out a "ground intervention within two weeks" in support of the ally being attacked<ref name="Ajnenkiel"> {{cite book | author =Andrzej Ajnenkiel | title =Polsko-francuski sojusz wojskowy | year =2000 | editor = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Academy of National Defence | location =Warsaw | id = | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Ciałowicz"> {{cite book | author =Jan Ciałowicz | coauthors = | title =Polsko-francuski sojusz wojskowy, 1921–1939 | year =1971 | editor = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location =Warsaw | id = }}</ref><ref name="Raczyński">{{cite book | author =Edward Raczyński | title =The British-Polish Alliance; Its Origin and Meaning | year =1948 | editor = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =The Mellville Press | location =London | id = }}</ref>
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, a complicated set of alliances was established amongst the nations of Europe, in the hope of preventing future wars (either with Germany or Soviet Russia). With the rise of [[Nazism]] in Germany, this system of alliances was strengthened by the signing of a series of "mutual assistance" alliances between [[France]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and [[Poland]] (Franco-Polish Alliance and Anglo-Polish Alliance). This agreement stated that in the event of war the other allies were to fully mobilize and carry out a "ground intervention within two weeks" in support of the ally being attacked<ref name="Ajnenkiel"> {{cite book | author =Andrzej Ajnenkiel | title =Polsko-francuski sojusz wojskowy | year =2000 | editor = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Academy of National Defence | location =Warsaw | id = | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="Ciałowicz"> {{cite book | author =Jan Ciałowicz | coauthors = | title =Polsko-francuski sojusz wojskowy, 1921–1939 | year =1971 | editor = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location =Warsaw | id = }}</ref><ref name="Raczyński">{{cite book | author =Edward Raczyński | title =The British-Polish Alliance; Its Origin and Meaning | year =1948 | editor = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =The Mellville Press | location =London | id = }}</ref>
===Up to 1939===
===Up to 1939===