Changes

===Peoples Armed Police===

===Peoples Armed Police===

The People Armed Police (PAP) is a paramilitary component of China’s armed forces; its primary mission is internal security. Although the PAP has specialized units for a variety of functions, such as border security and firefighting, most units address internal security. PAP units are organized into contingents for each province, autonomous region, and centrally administered city. There are also a small number of mobile divisions available to deploy anywhere in the country to respond to crises.

The People Armed Police (PAP) is a paramilitary component of China's armed forces; its primary mission is internal security. Although the PAP has specialized units for a variety of functions, such as border security and firefighting, most units address internal security. PAP units are organized into contingents for each province, autonomous region, and centrally administered city. There are also a small number of mobile divisions available to deploy anywhere in the country to respond to crises.

In 2017, authorities announced that the PAP would be commanded by the Central Military Commission (CMC), removing the State Council from the chain of command and removing the PAP from the direct control of provincial authorities.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2126039/reason-why-chinas-armed-police-will-now-only-take</ref>  Moreover, the changes removed all troops not involved in domestic security duties from the PAP. Following the changes, the PAP has become a force exclusively focused on domestic security that operates under the command of the CMC. Other types of PAP troops, such as firefighting and border defense, have been transferred to other central ministries.  Authorities also revised PAP funding to strengthen central control. Mirroring the organizational and administrative changes, the central government began to almost exclusively fund the PAP, thereby removing local and provincial funding streams.  Stronger central control of the PAP removes these troops from possible misuse by local power holders, deters potential challengers to Beijing’s authority, and enables the central government to deploy the forces to carry out its own strategic plans, such as consolidation of political control over the western provinces. However, the militarization of the PAP raises the prospect that domestic security concerns will be considered in military terms, further weakening what little remains of the rights of Chinese citizens, especially in the ethnic-minority dominated provinces featuring a heavy PAP presence.

In 2017, authorities announced that the PAP would be commanded by the Central Military Commission (CMC), removing the State Council from the chain of command and removing the PAP from the direct control of provincial authorities.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2126039/reason-why-chinas-armed-police-will-now-only-take</ref>  Moreover, the changes removed all troops not involved in domestic security duties from the PAP. Following the changes, the PAP has become a force exclusively focused on domestic security that operates under the command of the CMC. Other types of PAP troops, such as firefighting and border defense, have been transferred to other central ministries.  Authorities also revised PAP funding to strengthen central control. Mirroring the organizational and administrative changes, the central government began to almost exclusively fund the PAP, thereby removing local and provincial funding streams.  Stronger central control of the PAP removes these troops from possible misuse by local power holders, deters potential challengers to Beijing's authority, and enables the central government to deploy the forces to carry out its own strategic plans, such as consolidation of political control over the western provinces. However, the militarization of the PAP raises the prospect that domestic security concerns will be considered in military terms, further weakening what little remains of the rights of Chinese citizens, especially in the ethnic-minority dominated provinces featuring a heavy PAP presence.

==State Council==

==State Council==

[[File:Chinese state money to HUNTER.PNG|right|400px|thumb|]]

[[File:Chinese state money to HUNTER.PNG|right|400px|thumb]]

:{{see also|People's Republic of China}}

:{{see also|People's Republic of China}}

The Party entrusts implementation of its policies and day-to-day administration of the country to the institution of the State, headed by the civilian State Council or Cabinet, which does not include the Central Military Commission. The State Council, also known as the Central People's

The Party entrusts implementation of its policies and day-to-day administration of the country to the institution of the State, headed by the civilian State Council or Cabinet, which does not include the Central Military Commission. The State Council, also known as the Central People's

===Ministry of State Security===

===Ministry of State Security===

The Ministry of State Security (MSS or ''Guojia Anquanbu''), is the country’s main civilian intelligence and [[counterintelligence]] agency. Its missions include protecting China’s national security, securing political and social stability, conducting counterintelligence, and implementing the State Security Law and related laws.42 The provincial and municipal departments of the MSS are responsible for carrying out surveillance and domestic intelligence work. Some of the departments also carry out foreign intelligence work.

The Ministry of State Security (MSS or ''Guojia Anquanbu''), is the country's main civilian intelligence and [[counterintelligence]] agency. Its missions include protecting China's national security, securing political and social stability, conducting counterintelligence, and implementing the State Security Law and related laws.42 The provincial and municipal departments of the MSS are responsible for carrying out surveillance and domestic intelligence work. Some of the departments also carry out foreign intelligence work.

===Ministry of Public Security===

===Ministry of Public Security===

====Uyghur forced labor====

====Uyghur forced labor====

[[File:CCP concentration camp.jpg|right|300px|thumb|A transport of Uighur prisoners at a CCP [[concentration camp]] in Xinjiang.<ref> https://www.businessinsider.com/china-xinjiang-prisoners-blindfolded-tied-up-leaked-drone-footage-2019-10</ref>]]

[[File:CCP concentration camp.jpg|right|300px|thumb|A transport of Uighur prisoners at a CCP [[concentration camp]] in Xinjiang.<ref>https://www.businessinsider.com/china-xinjiang-prisoners-blindfolded-tied-up-leaked-drone-footage-2019-10</ref>]]

:{{See also|Xinjiang concentration camps}}

:{{See also|Xinjiang concentration camps}}

According to some reports, the CCP has begun to move large numbers of Uyghurs, including many former detainees, into textile, apparel, and other labor-intensive industries in Xinjiang and other PRC provinces. Uyghurs who refuse to accept such employment may be threatened with detention. They continue to be heavily monitored outside of work, and are required to attend political study classes at night. A study by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute identified nearly 120 Chinese and foreign companies, including global brands, that the institute alleges directly or indirectly benefit from Uyghur labor in potentially abusive circumstances.<ref>https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10281</ref>

According to some reports, the CCP has begun to move large numbers of Uyghurs, including many former detainees, into textile, apparel, and other labor-intensive industries in Xinjiang and other PRC provinces. Uyghurs who refuse to accept such employment may be threatened with detention. They continue to be heavily monitored outside of work, and are required to attend political study classes at night. A study by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute identified nearly 120 Chinese and foreign companies, including global brands, that the institute alleges directly or indirectly benefit from Uyghur labor in potentially abusive circumstances.<ref>https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10281</ref>

The CCP raised funds by robbing banks and [[kidnap]]ping. Those kidnapped were kept alive to be ransomed back to their families for continued monetary support for the army. It was not until either the Red Army was satisfied or the kidnapped families were completely drained of resources that the hostages were sent home. Some had been tortured so badly that they died before they could return.

The CCP raised funds by robbing banks and [[kidnap]]ping. Those kidnapped were kept alive to be ransomed back to their families for continued monetary support for the army. It was not until either the Red Army was satisfied or the kidnapped families were completely drained of resources that the hostages were sent home. Some had been tortured so badly that they died before they could return.

In 1935, Mao and Zhou Enlai were elected to the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Moscow. They remained on this committee until it was publicly disbanded in 1943. A Moscow message to all stations on 12 September 1943, message number 142,<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00008.cfm Venona 142(a) Moscow to Canberra 12 September 1943]. Text reads: "change in circumstances - and in particular the dissolution of the [[Comintern]] - necessitates a change in the method used by the workers of our residencies to keep in touch with the leaders of the local [[Communist Party of the United States of America#Secret apparatus|Communist]] organizations on intelligence matters. <br/>

In 1935, Mao and Zhou Enlai were elected to the executive committee of the Comintern in Moscow. They remained on this committee until it was publicly disbanded in 1943. A Moscow message to all stations on 12 September 1943, message number 142,<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00008.cfm Venona 142(a) Moscow to Canberra 12 September 1943]. Text reads: "change in circumstances - and in particular the dissolution of the [[Comintern]] - necessitates a change in the method used by the workers of our residencies to keep in touch with the leaders of the local [[Communist Party of the United States of America#Secret apparatus|Communist]] organizations on intelligence matters. <br/>

2. Our workers, by continuing to meet the leader of the Communists, are exposing themselves to danger and are giving cause [''orgs of''] local authorities to suspect that the Comintern is still in existence. <br>

2. Our workers, by continuing to meet the leader of the Communists, are exposing themselves to danger and are giving cause [''orgs of''] local authorities to suspect that the Comintern is still in existence. <br>

3. We propose: <br/>

3. We propose: <br/>

====Jiangxi Soviet Republic====

====Jiangxi Soviet Republic====

[[Image:Cn-rsk.gif|right|thumb|Flag of the Peoples Republic of China from 1928 - 7 Nov 1931.<br>  The Soviet Republic of China, referred to as the Jiangxi Soviet Republic, was declared Dec 1, 1931.]]

[[Image:Cn-rsk.gif|right|thumb|Flag of the Peoples Republic of China from 1928 - 7 Nov 1931.<br>  The Soviet Republic of China, referred to as the Jiangxi Soviet Republic, was declared Dec 1, 1931.]]

In 1931 the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Moscow directed Mao Zedong to organize a Soviet on the Russian model.<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'' by David J. Dallin (New Haven, 1948); ''Inside Red China'' by Nym Wales (New York, 1939); [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html#PRC Kiangsi Soviet Republic].</ref> Mao Zedong and [[Zhu De]], and later [[Zhou Enlai]], set up a Soviet government in two central provinces of China.  In 1933, the CCP sent a message to [[Josef Stalin]] which read, "Lead us on, O our pilot, from victory to victory!"<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'', David J. Dallin, New Haven, 1948; 17th Congress of Communist Party of Soviet Union, Stenog. Report, p. 1323, quoted in ''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf  pg. 21] pdf.</ref> The 1934 Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic stated that the "Chinese Soviet Government has the ... goal of eventual nationalization of all land." <ref>Ilpyong J. Kim, ''The Politics of Chinese Communism'', Berkeley 1973, p. 25.</ref>

In 1931 the executive committee of the Comintern in Moscow directed Mao Zedong to organize a Soviet on the Russian model.<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'' by David J. Dallin (New Haven, 1948); ''Inside Red China'' by Nym Wales (New York, 1939); [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html#PRC Kiangsi Soviet Republic].</ref> Mao Zedong and [[Zhu De]], and later [[Zhou Enlai]], set up a Soviet government in two central provinces of China.  In 1933, the CCP sent a message to [[Josef Stalin]] which read, "Lead us on, O our pilot, from victory to victory!"<ref>''Soviet Russia and the Far East'', David J. Dallin, New Haven, 1948; 17th Congress of Communist Party of Soviet Union, Stenog. Report, p. 1323, quoted in ''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn,  New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf  pg. 21] pdf.</ref> The 1934 Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic stated that the "Chinese Soviet Government has the ... goal of eventual nationalization of all land." <ref>Ilpyong J. Kim, ''The Politics of Chinese Communism'', Berkeley 1973, p. 25.</ref>

The CCP promised the intellectuals a “heaven on earth.” Later it labeled them “[[rightist]]” and put them into the infamous ninth category of persecuted people, alongside landlords and spies. It deprived landlords and capitalists of their property, exterminated the landlord and rich peasant classes, destroyed rank and order in the countryside, took authority away from local figures, kidnapped and extorted bribes from the richer people, [[brainwash]]ed war prisoners, “reformed” industrialists and capitalists, infiltrated the [[KMT]] and disintegrated it, split from the Communist International and betrayed it, cleaned out all dissidents through successive political movements after it came to power in 1949, and threatened its own members with coercion.  

The CCP promised the intellectuals a “heaven on earth.” Later it labeled them “[[rightist]]” and put them into the infamous ninth category of persecuted people, alongside landlords and spies. It deprived landlords and capitalists of their property, exterminated the landlord and rich peasant classes, destroyed rank and order in the countryside, took authority away from local figures, kidnapped and extorted bribes from the richer people, [[brainwash]]ed war prisoners, “reformed” industrialists and capitalists, infiltrated the [[KMT]] and disintegrated it, split from the Communist International and betrayed it, cleaned out all dissidents through successive political movements after it came to power in 1949, and threatened its own members with coercion.  

The [[Cultural Revolution]] was a disastrous attempt to reform the economics, education and politics of Communist China, which led to the deaths of tens of millions of people.  The upheaval began in August 1966 by Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong.  

The [[Cultural Revolution]] was a disastrous attempt to reform the economics, education and politics of Communist China, which led to the deaths of tens of millions of people.  The upheaval began in August 1966 by Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong.  

Mao's objective was to replace leaders with people who would think like him and be supportive of him as Chairmen, make the Chinese Communist Party function the way he wanted, give the Chinese youth a revolutionary experience, and make changes so that education, health care, and cultural systems would be for the entirety of China and not just for the elite. In order to do this, he began to establish a cult towards himself. His party would be forced to support him as he had little patience for opponents during what he believe to be the pinnacle point of China's future as a communist state. He quickly began a system of purges to cleanse of any unwanted opposition toward him or to the gang of four, especially after he was embarrassed with the part rejecting his great leap forward policies<ref>http://asianhistory.about.com/od/modernchina/f/What-Was-The-Cultural-Revolution.htm</ref>

Mao's objective was to replace leaders with people who would think like him and be supportive of him as chairmen, make the Chinese Communist Party function the way he wanted, give the Chinese youth a revolutionary experience, and make changes so that education, health care, and cultural systems would be for the entirety of China and not just for the elite. In order to do this, he began to establish a cult towards himself. His party would be forced to support him as he had little patience for opponents during what he believe to be the pinnacle point of China's future as a communist state. He quickly began a system of purges to cleanse of any unwanted opposition toward him or to the gang of four, especially after he was embarrassed with the part rejecting his great leap forward policies<ref>http://asianhistory.about.com/od/modernchina/f/What-Was-The-Cultural-Revolution.htm</ref>

Mao Zedong wanted the Cultural Revolution to affect everyone in China.  Ordinary people perceived to be members of the "Five Black Categories" were targeted as well as their children. The Five Black Categories were Landlords, so-called "Rich farmers", anti-communists or counter-revolutionaries, "Bad-influencers" or "bad elements", and Rightists.  The ''Black Book of Communism'' reports,  

Mao Zedong wanted the Cultural Revolution to affect everyone in China.  Ordinary people perceived to be members of the "Five Black Categories" were targeted as well as their children. The Five Black Categories were Landlords, so-called "Rich farmers", anti-communists or counter-revolutionaries, "Bad-influencers" or "bad elements", and Rightists.  The ''Black Book of Communism'' reports,  

In the months prior to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], pro-democracy movements worldwide flourished and socialism fell into disrepute.  The CCP faced the challenge of large-scale protests in Beijing's [[Tiananmen Square]] and in more than 400 other cities between April 15, 1989, and June 4, 1989.   

In the months prior to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], pro-democracy movements worldwide flourished and socialism fell into disrepute.  The CCP faced the challenge of large-scale protests in Beijing's [[Tiananmen Square]] and in more than 400 other cities between April 15, 1989, and June 4, 1989.   

[[File:Tiananmen June 4 1989.gif|left|350px|thumb|APCs moving on students in Tiananmen Square, June 4, 1989.]]

[[File:Tiananmen June 4 1989.gif|left|350px|thumb|APCs moving on students in Tiananmen Square, June 4, 1989.]]

After [[Zhao Ziyang]] became the party General Secretary, the economic and political reforms he had championed came under increasing attack. His proposal in May 1988 to accelerate price reform led to widespread popular complaints about rampant [[inflation]] and gave opponents of rapid reform the opening to call for greater centralization of economic controls and stricter prohibitions against Western influence. This precipitated a political debate, which grew more heated through the winter of 1988-89.  

After [[Zhao Ziyang]] became the party General Secretary, the economic and political reforms he had championed came under increasing attack. His proposal in May 1988 to accelerate price reform led to widespread popular complaints about rampant [[inflation]] and gave opponents of rapid reform the opening to call for greater centralization of economic controls and stricter prohibitions against Western influence. This precipitated a political debate, which grew more heated through the winter of 1988–89.  

The death of [[Hu Yaobang]] on April 15, 1989, coupled with growing economic hardship caused by high inflation, provided the backdrop for a large-scale protest movement by students, intellectuals, government employees, [[journalist]]s, workers, [[police officer]]s, members of the armed forces, and other members of a disaffected urban population. University students and other citizens camped out in Beijing's Tiananmen Square to mourn Hu's death and to protest against those who would slow reform. Their protests, which grew despite government efforts to contain them, called for an end to official corruption and for defense of freedoms guaranteed by the Chinese constitution.  At least one million residents of Beijing were taking part in the protests.<ref>https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/one-million-protesters-take-to-the-streets-in-beijing</ref>  Protests also spread to many other cities, including [[Shanghai]], [[Chengdu]], and [[Guangzhou]].  By late May, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and beginning to face health and hygiene problems.  

The death of [[Hu Yaobang]] on April 15, 1989, coupled with growing economic hardship caused by high inflation, provided the backdrop for a large-scale protest movement by students, intellectuals, government employees, [[journalist]]s, workers, [[police officer]]s, members of the armed forces, and other members of a disaffected urban population. University students and other citizens camped out in Beijing's Tiananmen Square to mourn Hu's death and to protest against those who would slow reform. Their protests, which grew despite government efforts to contain them, called for an end to official corruption and for defense of freedoms guaranteed by the Chinese constitution.  At least one million residents of Beijing were taking part in the protests.<ref>https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/one-million-protesters-take-to-the-streets-in-beijing</ref>  Protests also spread to many other cities, including [[Shanghai]], [[Chengdu]], and [[Guangzhou]].  By late May, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and beginning to face health and hygiene problems.  

Disagreements about how to respond split the top Party leadership and forced out the Party General Secretary at the time, Zhao Ziyang. The decisions by Wang Zhen, Li Peng, and Paramount Leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] led them to conclude that the survival of their regime was at stake.  Martial law was declared on May 20, 1989 and at least 30 divisions were mobilized. As many as 250,000 troops were eventually sent to the capital.

Disagreements about how to respond split the top Party leadership and forced out the Party General Secretary at the time, Zhao Ziyang. The decisions by Wang Zhen, Li Peng, and Paramount Leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] led them to conclude that the survival of their regime was at stake.  Martial law was declared on May 20, 1989, and at least 30 divisions were mobilized. As many as 250,000 troops were eventually sent to the capital.

[[File:Tiananmen victims crushed by tank treads.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Human remains crushed by PLA armoured personnel carriers in Tiananmen Square, June 4, 1989.]]

[[File:Tiananmen victims crushed by tank treads.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Human remains crushed by PLA armoured personnel carriers in Tiananmen Square, June 4, 1989.]]

The 27th Army of Shanxi Province, whose troops were described as 60 percent illiterate and primitives, were responsible for most of the atrocities at Tiananmen Square.<ref>https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/docs/doc18.pdf</ref>  The 27th Army “snipers shot many civilians on balconies, street sweepers etc for target practice” and used expanding dum-dum bullets.  The 27th Army was chosen because its troops were considered “the most reliable and obedient”.

The 27th Army of Shanxi Province, whose troops were described as 60 percent illiterate and primitives, were responsible for most of the atrocities at Tiananmen Square.<ref>https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/docs/doc18.pdf</ref>  The 27th Army “snipers shot many civilians on balconies, street sweepers etc for target practice” and used expanding dum-dum bullets.  The 27th Army was chosen because its troops were considered “the most reliable and obedient”.

Late on June 3, 1989 and early on the morning of June 4, PLA units were brought into Beijing using automatic weapons, advancing in tanks, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and trucks from several directions toward Tiananmen Square.  They used armed force to clear demonstrators from the streets.

Late on June 3, 1989, and early on the morning of June 4, PLA units were brought into Beijing using automatic weapons, advancing in tanks, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and trucks from several directions toward Tiananmen Square.  They used armed force to clear demonstrators from the streets.

At 4:30 am protesters, joined by some PLA members, were given one hour to leave the Square, however five minutes later the 27th Army's armoured personnel carriers opened fire before running the crowd over at 65 kph [40 miles per hour].  “Students linked arms but were mown down. APCs then ran over the bodies time and time again to make, quote ‘pie’ unquote.  Their remains were collected by bulldozer later that morning, incinerated, and then hosed down drains.

At 4:30 am protesters, joined by some PLA members, were given one hour to leave the Square, however five minutes later the 27th Army's armoured personnel carriers opened fire before running the crowd over at 65 kph [40 miles per hour].  “Students linked arms but were mown down. APCs then ran over the bodies time and time again to make, quote ‘pie’ unquote.  Their remains were collected by bulldozer later that morning, incinerated, and then hosed down drains.

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://ninecommentaries.com/ Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party], an historical critique of the CCP from the Editorial Board of ''The Epoch Times'', (2005)

*[http://ninecommentaries.com/ Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party], an historical critique of the CCP from the editorial board of ''The Epoch Times'', (2005)

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6733045.stm 'Slaves' rescued from China firm], By Michael Bristow ''BBC News'', Beijing, Jun 8, 2007.

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6733045.stm 'Slaves' rescued from China firm], By Michael Bristow ''BBC News'', Beijing, Jun 8, 2007.

*[https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1346.html The Emergence of Peer Competitors], Rand Corporation, 2001. "This report addresses the issue by developing a conceptual framework of how a proto-peer (meaning a state that is not yet a peer but has the potential to become one) might interact with the hegemon (the dominant global power)." Review the failed "CONSTRAIN STRATEGY" modeled from the [[British Empire]] after 1890 tucking itself under the wing of a growing hegemon, the United States, in hopes of developing an ally for the future.

*[https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1346.html The Emergence of Peer Competitors], Rand Corporation, 2001. "This report addresses the issue by developing a conceptual framework of how a proto-peer (meaning a state that is not yet a peer but has the potential to become one) might interact with the hegemon (the dominant global power)." Review the failed "CONSTRAIN STRATEGY" modeled from the [[British Empire]] after 1890 tucking itself under the wing of a growing hegemon, the United States, in hopes of developing an ally for the future.