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→Potsdam conference
All prewar German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line and within the 1937 German boundaries – comprising nearly one quarter (23.8 percent) of the [[Weimar Republic]] – were ceded under the changes decided at the [[Potsdam Conference]], with the majority ceded to [[Poland]]. The remainder, consisting of northern [[East Prussia]] including the German city of [[Königsberg]] (renamed [[Kaliningrad]]), was allocated to the Soviet Union, as the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) (today [[Russian Federation]]). Much of the German population in these territories – estimated at around 12 million in autumn 1944 – had fled in the wake of the Soviet Red Army's advance. The remainder were deported to Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line.
All prewar German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line and within the 1937 German boundaries – comprising nearly one quarter (23.8 percent) of the [[Weimar Republic]] – were ceded under the changes decided at the [[Potsdam Conference]], with the majority ceded to [[Poland]]. The remainder, consisting of northern [[East Prussia]] including the German city of [[Königsberg]] (renamed [[Kaliningrad]]), was allocated to the Soviet Union, as the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) (today [[Russian Federation]]). Much of the German population in these territories – estimated at around 12 million in autumn 1944 – had fled in the wake of the Soviet Red Army's advance. The remainder were deported to Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line.
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==Polish People's Republic==
In 1945, Poland was forced to give up its eastern territories to the Soviet Union, in exchange for Germany's eastern territories of Pomerania and Silesia. Poland took over Germany's former eastern territories and its territories seized by the Soviet Union, including the cities of Lvov and Vilnius were incorporated and annexed under an agreement by the Communist rulers of Poland and the Soviet Union. Poland ended up losing its eastern territories which comprised half of the country and a sizable portion of the population.
In October 1956, after the 20th ("[[De-Stalinization]]") Soviet Party Congress in Moscow and riots by workers in Poznan, there was a shakeup in the communist regime. While retaining most traditional communist economic and social aims, the regime of First Secretary Wladyslaw Gomulka liberalized Polish internal life.
In 1968, the trend reversed when student demonstrations were suppressed and an "anti-Zionist" campaign initially directed against Gomulka supporters within the party eventually led to the emigration of much of Poland's remaining Jewish population. In December 1970, disturbances and strikes in the port cities of Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Szczecin, triggered by a price increase for essential consumer goods, reflected deep dissatisfaction with living and working conditions in the country. Edward Gierek replaced Gomulka as First Secretary.
Fueled by large infusions of Western credit, Poland's economic growth rate was one of the world's highest during the first half of the 1970s. But much of the borrowed capital was misspent, and the centrally planned economy was unable to use the new resources effectively. The growing debt burden became insupportable in the late 1970s, and economic growth had become negative by 1979.
In October 1978, the Bishop of Kraków, Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, became [[Pope John Paul II]], head of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Polish Catholics rejoiced at the elevation of a Pole to the papacy and greeted his June 1979 papal visit to Poland with an outpouring of emotion.
In July 1980, with the Polish foreign debt at more than $20 billion, the government made another attempt to increase meat prices. A chain reaction of strikes virtually paralyzed the Baltic coast by the end of August and, for the first time, closed most coalmines in Silesia. Poland was entering into an extended crisis that would change the course of its future development.
==References==
==References==
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