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The abstract for the Oxford Academic article states concerning a chapter of John H. Pencavel's 2018 book ''Diminishing Returns at Work: The Consequences of Long Working Hours'' entitled ''A Brief History of Working Hours'':
The abstract for the Oxford Academic article states concerning a chapter of John H. Pencavel's 2018 book ''Diminishing Returns at Work: The Consequences of Long Working Hours'' entitled ''A Brief History of Working Hours'':
{{Cquote|Why did the length of the work day and work week decline in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? In this chapter, the author explores possible explanations for these declines, contrasting events and trends in Britain and America, including the activities of trade unions, employers, statutory legislation, and the workings of labor markets. Classical economists tended to support the position taken by many employers which was to resist both legislation on hours and the efforts of trade unions to reduce hours. In the few instances in which the Classical economists provided precise reasons for their view, they made assumptions about the manner in which hours enter a firm’s production function. These assumptions can be tested which is the subject of the subsequent chapter.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/book/36392/chapter-abstract/320016496?redirectedFrom=fulltext A Brief History of Working Hours], Diminishing Returns at Work: The Consequences of Long Working Hours by John H. Pencavel, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876166.003.0002 Pages 13–51. Published: June 2018</ref>}}
{{Cquote|Why did the length of the work day and work week decline in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? In this chapter, the author explores possible explanations for these declines, contrasting events and trends in Britain and America, including the activities of trade unions, employers, statutory legislation, and the workings of labor markets. Classical economists tended to support the position taken by many employers which was to resist both legislation on hours and the efforts of trade unions to reduce hours. In the few instances in which the Classical economists provided precise reasons for their view, they made assumptions about the manner in which hours enter a firm’s production function. These assumptions can be tested which is the subject of the subsequent chapter.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/book/36392/chapter-abstract/320016496?redirectedFrom=fulltext A Brief History of Working Hours], Diminishing Returns at Work: The Consequences of Long Working Hours by John H. Pencavel, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876166.003.0002 Pages 13–51. Published: June 2018</ref>}}
Rice farming is much more labor intensive than wheat farming which helped Eastern rice cultures to have a strong cultural work ethic (Paddy rice required twice as much labor per hectare as wheat farming.<ref>[https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss1/7/ The Rice Theory of Culture, Thomas Talhelm, University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Publication Date 1-3-2022</ref>).
The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) indicates concerning the [[Western World]] during some periods in the agrarian age: [https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/rauch/worktime/hours_workweek.html Pre-industrial workers had a shorter workweek than today's] and [https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/rauch/worktime/hours_workweek.html#hours 8 centuries of working hours].
The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) indicates concerning the [[Western World]] during some periods in the agrarian age: [https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/rauch/worktime/hours_workweek.html Pre-industrial workers had a shorter workweek than today's] and [https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/rauch/worktime/hours_workweek.html#hours 8 centuries of working hours].