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Line 169: − ===World=== − [[World history]], a teaching field (rather than a research field), developed by historians of Asia and Latin America to provide a counterpoint to the "Western Civilization" emphasis that dominated history teaching after 1920. In interpretations of world history, the most influential scholars were [[Oswald Spengler]] in the 1920s, [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] in the 1950s, and William H. McNeill in the 1970s.<ref>See William H. McNeill, "The Changing Shape of World History" (1994) [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/10/041.html online version]</ref>
→World
Religious history, which had before appeared as just one feature of a wider cultural and social landscape, after 1990 became an autonomous subject with its own rules and transformations. This has brought great advances to its study: historians are less and less willing simply to convert religion into an epiphenomenon of other forces, social, political, economic, or cultural.<ref>see "Religion and the historical profession," in [http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2009/12/30/religion-and-the-historical-profession/ ''The Imminane Framce'' (Dec. 2009) online symposium]</ref>
Religious history, which had before appeared as just one feature of a wider cultural and social landscape, after 1990 became an autonomous subject with its own rules and transformations. This has brought great advances to its study: historians are less and less willing simply to convert religion into an epiphenomenon of other forces, social, political, economic, or cultural.<ref>see "Religion and the historical profession," in [http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2009/12/30/religion-and-the-historical-profession/ ''The Imminane Framce'' (Dec. 2009) online symposium]</ref>
===Local===
===Local===
Local history: The American Association for State and Local History, established in 1940 has 5,997 members, and is based in state and local historical societies in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.aaslh.org/ See]</ref>
Local history: The American Association for State and Local History, established in 1940 has 5,997 members, and is based in state and local historical societies in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.aaslh.org/ See]</ref>