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Line 1: − '''Robert MacLean''' is an aviation security [[whistleblower]]. + − − In July 2003, U.S. Federal Air Marshal (FAM) Robert MacLean tried to blow the whistle within the [[Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) on a plan to reduce air marshal coverage of nonstop, long distance flights amidst heightened warnings based on a [[July 26]], [[2003]] DHS Advisory describing intelligence of an [[al-Qaeda]] suicide hijack plan <ref>{{cite web | title= U.S. warns of 9/11-style plane attacks | url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2003/07/30-hijackings.htm | date=[[2003-08-01]] | work=[http://www.usatoday.com/ ''USA Today''] | accessdate=2007-06-03}}</ref> that would exploit a U.S. immigration loophole enabling a terrorist, without a U.S. visa, to take a flight from a country with less-stringent security to a U.S. airport and roam that U.S. airport during a layover before taking a second connecting flight to the destination country. Once inside a U.S. airport, terrorists would smuggle weapons onto aircraft by hiding weapons inside camera equipment and children's toys. During flight, the terrorists would overpower the crew, take control, and fly the hijacked aircraft into U.S. east coast targets.<ref>{{cite web | title= Memo Warns Of New Plots To Hijack Jets | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A64871-2003Jul29?language=printer | date=[[2003-07-30]] | work=[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ The Washington Post] | accessdate=2003-07-30}}</ref>. The plan was in direct violation of the [[Aviation and Transportation Security Act]] (Public Law 107–71), Title 49 of the [[United States Code]] Section 44917: “Deployment of Federal Air Marshals... [on] nonstop, long distance flights, such as those targeted on [[September 11]], [[2001]], should be a priority.”<ref>{{cite web | title= 49 U.S.C § 44917 | url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode49/usc_sec_49_00044917----000-.html | date=[[2001-11-19]] | work=[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ Cornell Law School] | accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> MacLean was rebuffed by his FAMS managers and the [[Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General]], so he warned the public by going to the press<ref>{{cite web | title= Air Marshals Pulled from 'Key Flights' | url=http://onoekeh.blogspot.com/2003_07_01_archive.html | date=[[2003-07-30]] | work=[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ NBC News] | accessdate=2006-10-30}}</ref>. The message he disclosed was not labeled as [["Sensitive Security Information"]] (SSI), the often abused information control label within DHS' [[Transportation Security Administration]] (TSA) used to protect information--unaware of any obligation to protect the information. For employees dealing with traditional classified information, which is typically much more sensitive that SSI, they must be made aware of its status so as to protect it accordingly. − − MacLean's disclosure helped to draw public scrutiny and congressional outrage to TSA's ill-conceived plan which rapidly led to its reversal<ref>{{cite web | title= Ex-air marshal to sue over 'SSI' label | url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/functions/print.php?StoryID=20061029-115609-8718r | date=[[2006-10-30]] | work=[http://www.washingtontimes.com/ The Washington Times] | accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref>. TSA first denied that air marshals would have been shifted, but the morning after MacLean's disclosure, Senators [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barbara Boxer]], and [[Charles Schumer]] held press conferences condemning the plan forcing the TSA to backpedal <ref>{{cite web | title= Senator Clinton Reiterates Call on TSA to Justify Security Cuts at Nation’s Airports | url=http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=235267&& | date=[[2003-07-30]] | work=[http://clinton.senate.gov/ Official Site of the U.S. Senate] | accessdate=2007-06-03}}</ref>. Later that day the TSA acknowledged that schedules had been changed. The TSA's spokeman, Robert Johnson, stated in a press conference, "Those actions were premature and a mistake by the people who were involved<ref>{{cite web | title= Air marshals back to long flights | url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2003/07/31-air-marshals.htm | date=[[2003-08-01]] | work=[http://www.usatoday.com/ USA Today] | accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>." − − On [[August 31]], [[2006]], a year after proposing to terminate MacLean, the TSA asserted that the July 2003 information he disclosed was SSI.<ref>{{cite web | title= U.S. Labels 2003 Leaked Memo 'Sensitive' | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/10/ap/government/main2787504.shtml | date=[[2007-05-10]] | work=[http://www.cbsnews.com/ Associated Press] | accessdate=2007-05-10}}</ref> TSA labeled MacLean's disclosure as SSI over three years after it was made public<ref>{{cite web | title= TSA's [[August 31]], [[2006]] Final Order on Sensitive Security Information | url=http://www.pogo.org/m/hsp/MacLeanFinalOrderSSI.pdf | date=[[2007-05-10]] | work=[http://www.pogo.org/ Project On Government Oversight] | accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has criticized the DHS for failing to have clear policies and oversight of its SSI designations, and using vague standards for its use<ref>{{cite web | title= Clear Policies and Oversight Needed for Designation of Sensitive Security Information | url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05677.pdf | date=[[2005-07-01]] | work=[http://www.gao.gov/ Government Accountability Office] | accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref>. If DHS and the [[Department of Justice]] (DOJ) succeed, these pseudo-classification markings will be abused to retroactively mark information as "sensitive" to then retaliate against whistleblowers, possibly decreasing the flow of critical information to the public<ref>{{cite web | title= Retroactive Labeling in Robert MacLean v. Department of Homeland Security | url=http://pogo.org/p/government/rmaclean-dhs.html | date=[[2007-05-10]] | work=[http://pogo.org/ Project On Government Oversight] | accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>. − − ==Biography== − After four years of active duty, Robert MacLean (born on [[March 8]], [[1970]], in [[Torrejon Air Base]], [[Madrid, Spain]]) elected not to reenlist and was honorably discharged from the [[U.S. Air Force]]. MacLean then entered the [[U.S. Border Patrol]] and served almost six years until he transferred to the U.S. [[Federal Air Marshal Service]] (FAMS) immediately after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. MacLean was in the first FAMS class to graduate after the [[September 11]], [[2001]] Attacks<ref>{{cite web | title= Air marshal’s firing prompts whistleblower suit | url=http://www.federaltimes.com/index.php?S=2331806 | date=[[2006-11-07]] | work=[http://www.federaltimes.com/ Federal Times] | accessdate=2006-11-07}}</ref>. − − ==Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice's Arguments== − − DHS and DOJ make four general arguments: 1) That Robert MacLean was trained in the safeguarding of SSI and that the information he disclosed did not require any markings despite [[Code of Federal Regulations]] (CFRs) that mandate the contrary. 2) He caused the TSA to disrupt their operations in order to cancel their plan to remove FAMs from nonstop, long distance flights. 3) Had TSA decided continue with their plan despite public and congressional outrage, MacLean's disclosure would have alerted all terrorists that nonstop, long distance flight would not be staffed with FAMs. (4) Finally, the government argues that front-line law enforcement field officers do not have the authority, education or experience to determine if policies endanger public safety and national security - that such determinations can only be made by the agency's senior executives. − − ==References== − <div class="references-small"> − <references/> − </div> − [[Category:Uncategorized people]]
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