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The quality of higher education, including the PhD level, has also dropped. Thus, from 2010 to 2021, the number of colleges offering postgraduate programs dropped by 3.4 times; the number of available Ph.D. positions decreased by 1.9 times; the Ph.D. graduation rate plunged by 2.4 times, and the number of Ph.D. students who graduated by defending a thesis fell even lower, by 6.4 times.<ref>[https://theins.ru/en/opinion/igor-lipsitz/267664 The “no human” factor: How Russia’s workforce shortage rolls back its economic development]</ref>}}
 
The quality of higher education, including the PhD level, has also dropped. Thus, from 2010 to 2021, the number of colleges offering postgraduate programs dropped by 3.4 times; the number of available Ph.D. positions decreased by 1.9 times; the Ph.D. graduation rate plunged by 2.4 times, and the number of Ph.D. students who graduated by defending a thesis fell even lower, by 6.4 times.<ref>[https://theins.ru/en/opinion/igor-lipsitz/267664 The “no human” factor: How Russia’s workforce shortage rolls back its economic development]</ref>}}
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== ==
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''See also:''
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[[File:Putin 2023.jpg|thumbnail|right|225px|During his annual phone-in with the public in 2019, President [[Essay: Vladimir Putin is a corrupt kleptocrat and an authoritarian|Vladimir Putin]] described low productivity as “one of the most acute and important” problems facing Russia.<ref>[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/09/23/why-is-russia-so-unproductive-a67397 Why Is Russia So Unproductive?], Moscow Times, 2019</ref>]]
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Investopedia says about the importance of [[labor productivity]] to an economy, "Labor productivity is largely driven by investment in capital, technological progress, and human capital development. Labor productivity is directly linked to improved standards of living in the form of higher consumption."<ref>[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/labor-productivity.asp Labor Productivity: What It Is, How to Calculate & Improve It], Investopedia</ref> According the Yahoo Finance: "According to Yahoo Finance: "Efficiency in production, also coined as productivity, is one of the major driving forces behind economic resilience in a country."<ref>[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/25-most-productive-countries-per-185738034.html 25 Most Productive Countries Per Capita], Yahoo Finance</ref> 
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In 2023, the USA was over 200% more productive in terms of labor productivity than Russia when measured using purchasing power parity.<ref>[https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/labour-productivity/ Statistics on Labour Productivity], International Labor Organization website</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_productivity List of countries by labor productivity (Ranked using purchasing power parity)]</ref> See: [[Essay: The USA has one of the highest labor productivity rates in the world - significantly higher than both China and Russia|The USA has one of the highest labor productivity rates in the world - significantly higher than both China and Russia]]
    
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
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