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→Russia's business environment
Thriving in a system rife with corruption and little accountability, Soviet-trained bureaucrats have stifled the growth of small businesses in Russia, according to Albats. She noted that the majority of regulations existing in Russia today were issued not by the Duma or the President, but by various state agencies—between 1991 and 2001, Russian federal ministries imposed 1474 regulations on business, compared with 156 passed by the legislature. Albats contended that bureaucrats find it easier to control several large businesses than many small businesses, and have set up a regulatory framework to reflect that preference.<ref>[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/bureaucrats-and-russian-transition-the-politics-accommodation Bureaucrats and Russian Transition: The Politics of Accommodation]</ref>}}
Thriving in a system rife with corruption and little accountability, Soviet-trained bureaucrats have stifled the growth of small businesses in Russia, according to Albats. She noted that the majority of regulations existing in Russia today were issued not by the Duma or the President, but by various state agencies—between 1991 and 2001, Russian federal ministries imposed 1474 regulations on business, compared with 156 passed by the legislature. Albats contended that bureaucrats find it easier to control several large businesses than many small businesses, and have set up a regulatory framework to reflect that preference.<ref>[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/bureaucrats-and-russian-transition-the-politics-accommodation Bureaucrats and Russian Transition: The Politics of Accommodation]</ref>}}
In 2018, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) states concerning Russia's low [[labor productivity]] and its poor business environment:
{{Cquote|Labour productivity is a key precondition for high growth of output, employment and wages and central to long-term growth in living standards...
Earnings quality is close to the bottom of OECD countries, partly due to low labour productivity resulting from a low capital stock in the economy. More than 30% of workers face high job demands with few job resources to meet these demands...
Sanctions and other import barriers have hampered technology transfers from abroad. A poor business climate, in particular weak property rights, impedes [[innovation]].<ref>[https://www.oecd.org/countries/russia/jobs-strategy-RUSSIA-EN.pdf How does Russia compare?], Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</ref>}}
=== Russian corporations hit by a tsunami of bankruptcies ===
=== Russian corporations hit by a tsunami of bankruptcies ===