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Sandeen (1970) finds the roots of [[Fundamentalism]] in an alliance of two 19th century theologies, [[dispensationalism]] derived from the [[Plymouth Brethren]] movement and the ministry of [[John Nelson Darby]]. Believers in dispensationalism held a view of the church as a small group separate from major ecclesiastical institutions and primarily a spiritual fellowship. Their emphasis on Biblical literalism and their view of history as divided into seven dispensations had considerable influence in American Calvinistic denominations in the latter part of the century.  

Sandeen (1970) finds the roots of [[Fundamentalism]] in an alliance of two 19th century theologies, [[dispensationalism]] derived from the [[Plymouth Brethren]] movement and the ministry of [[John Nelson Darby]]. Believers in dispensationalism held a view of the church as a small group separate from major ecclesiastical institutions and primarily a spiritual fellowship. Their emphasis on Biblical literalism and their view of history as divided into seven dispensations had considerable influence in American Calvinistic denominations in the latter part of the century.  

The Princeton theology was a unique system constructed by Alexander and Hodge. It emphasized a pre-Kantian rationalistic methodology and Biblical inerrancy. Dispensationalism and Princeton theology, two movements with certain similarities and a common foe in Modernism. were drawn together in informal cooperation in a series of International Prophetic Conferences beginning in 1878. [[Premillennialism]] and Biblical inspiration provided the themes for the alliance. ''The Fundamentals'', a series of 12 pamphlets published from 1910 to 1915, was supported by Lyman Stewart, a Presbyterian layman and a follower of dispensationalism. Fundamentalism at the turn of the century was a religious movement of great vitality with definable antecedents in theological innovations of the 19th century and centered in the urban North. In the religious conflict of the 1920s Fundamentalists split often along dispensational and Princeton lines.<ref>Ernest R. Sandeen, "Toward a Historical Interpretation of the Origins of Fundamentalism". ''Church History'' 1967 36(1): 66-83. 0009-6407; Sandeen, ''The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800-1930'' (1970).</ref>

The Princeton theology was a unique system constructed by Alexander and Hodge. It emphasized a pre-Kantian rationalistic methodology and Biblical inerrancy. Dispensationalism and Princeton theology, two movements with certain similarities and a common foe in Modernism were drawn together in informal cooperation in a series of International Prophetic Conferences beginning in 1878. [[Premillennialism]] and Biblical inspiration provided the themes for the alliance. ''The Fundamentals'', a series of 12 pamphlets published from 1910 to 1915, was supported by Lyman Stewart, a Presbyterian layman and a follower of dispensationalism. Fundamentalism at the turn of the century was a religious movement of great vitality with definable antecedents in theological innovations of the 19th century and centered in the urban North. In the religious conflict of the 1920s Fundamentalists split often along dispensational and Princeton lines.<ref>Ernest R. Sandeen, "Toward a Historical Interpretation of the Origins of Fundamentalism". ''Church History'' 1967 36(1): 66-83. 0009-6407; Sandeen, ''The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800-1930'' (1970).</ref>

Coker (1998) compares Hodge with Plymouth Brethren founder [[John Nelson Darby]] (1800–82) to test Sandeen's notion that American fundamentalism was an alliance between dispensationalism and Princeton theology against modernism. Hodge embraced the regnant [[postmillennialism]] of American Protestantism, which asserted that Christ would return after the world had been evangelized by the church, after which he would judge those who refused to embrace him and then rule forever on a regenerated earth. Darby's premillennialism offered a more pessimistic view in which evil would be overcome only through judgment of those opposing Christ. Darby also introduced the doctrine of the [[rapture]] as a means of rescuing believers from the tribulation that would occur just prior to the return of Christ. Hodge's and Darby's differing interpretations of Scripture were central to their contrasting eschatologies. Whereas Hodge considered prophetic and apocalyptic texts to be unclear and insisted that they be interpreted spiritually rather than literally, Darby put the prophetic texts, interpreted literally, at the center of his doctrinal system. These incompatible eschatologies and interpretations of Scripture prevented any united front, even in the face of encroaching of modernism.<ref>Joe L. Coker, "Exploring the Roots of the  Dispensationalist /Princetonian 'Alliance': Charles Hodge And John Nelson Darby on Eschatology and Interpretation of Scripture." ''Fides et Historia'' 1998 30(1): 41-56. 0884-5379</ref>  

Coker (1998) compares Hodge with Plymouth Brethren founder [[John Nelson Darby]] (1800–82) to test Sandeen's notion that American fundamentalism was an alliance between dispensationalism and Princeton theology against modernism. Hodge embraced the regnant [[postmillennialism]] of American Protestantism, which asserted that Christ would return after the world had been evangelized by the church, after which he would judge those who refused to embrace him and then rule forever on a regenerated earth. Darby's premillennialism offered a more pessimistic view in which evil would be overcome only through judgment of those opposing Christ. Darby also introduced the doctrine of the [[rapture]] as a means of rescuing believers from the tribulation that would occur just prior to the return of Christ. Hodge's and Darby's differing interpretations of Scripture were central to their contrasting eschatologies. Whereas Hodge considered prophetic and apocalyptic texts to be unclear and insisted that they be interpreted spiritually rather than literally, Darby put the prophetic texts, interpreted literally, at the center of his doctrinal system. These incompatible eschatologies and interpretations of Scripture prevented any united front, even in the face of encroaching of modernism.<ref>Joe L. Coker, "Exploring the Roots of the  Dispensationalist /Princetonian 'Alliance': Charles Hodge And John Nelson Darby on Eschatology and Interpretation of Scripture." ''Fides et Historia'' 1998 30(1): 41-56. 0884-5379</ref>  

Though opposed to the institution of slavery, Hodge strongly denounced the abolitionists, and contended that slave-holding was not necessarily a sin. While Hodge admitted that the Bible endorsed the institution of slavery, his outrage at the inhumane practice of slavery led him to support plans for emancipation and colonization. Hodge's insistence on the infallible word of God formed the basis for his unfailing centrist support of gradual emancipation, a position that ostracized him from both abolitionists and Southern slaveholders. Labeling himself antislavery, yet not abolitionist, Hodge elaborated his position from 1836 to 1865 in articles in the ''Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review.''<ref>Peter J. Wallace, "The Defense of the Forgotten Center: Charles Hodge and the Enigma of Emancipationism i Antebellum America." ''Journal of Presbyterian History'' 1997 75(3): 165-177. 0022-3883</ref>  

Though opposed to the institution of slavery, Hodge strongly denounced the abolitionists, and contended that slave-holding was not necessarily a sin. While Hodge admitted that the Bible endorsed the institution of slavery, his outrage at the inhumane practice of slavery led him to support plans for emancipation and colonization. Hodge's insistence on the infallible word of God formed the basis for his unfailing centrist support of gradual emancipation, a position that ostracized him from both abolitionists and Southern slaveholders. Labeling himself antislavery, yet not abolitionist, Hodge elaborated his position from 1836 to 1865 in articles in the ''Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review.''<ref>Peter J. Wallace, "The Defense of the Forgotten Center: Charles Hodge and the Enigma of Emancipationism i Antebellum America." ''Journal of Presbyterian History'' 1997 75(3): 165-177. 0022-3883</ref>  

During the Civil War, he resisted the church's declaring itself on the question of political allegiance, but he supported the Federal government. In the January 1861 issue of the ''Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review,'' Hodge laid out his case against secession, calling it unconstitutional.<ref>James Mclean Albritton, "Slavery, Secession, and the Old School Presbyterians: James Henley Thornwell and Charles Hodge on the Relationship between Church and State." ''Southern Historian'' 2000 21: 25-39.</ref>  

During the Civil War, he resisted the church's declaring itself on the question of political allegiance, but he supported the Federal government. In the January 1861 issue of the ''Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review,'' Hodge laid out his case against secession, calling it unconstitutional.<ref>James Mclean Albritton, "Slavery, Secession, and the Old School Presbyterians: James Henley Thornwell and Charles Hodge on the Relationship between Church and State." ''Southern Historian'' 2000 21: 25-39.</ref>

 

==See also==

==See also==

* [[Princeton theology]]

* [[Princeton theology]]