Changes

The 2017 journal article ''The Moderating Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on the Relationship between Narcissism and Outcomes: An Application of Trait Activation Theory'' published in the journal ''Frontiers in Psychology'' notes:

The 2017 journal article ''The Moderating Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on the Relationship between Narcissism and Outcomes: An Application of Trait Activation Theory'' published in the journal ''Frontiers in Psychology'' notes:

{{Cquote|To maintain unrealistically high levels of self-esteem, narcissists tend to provide self-ratings of their own [[intelligence]], [[creativity]], competence, and [[leadership]] ability that are more favorable than others’ ratings of those same characteristics (John and Robins, 1994; Campbell et al., 2004; Judge et al., 2006).

{{Cquote|To maintain unrealistically high levels of [[self-esteem]], narcissists tend to provide self-ratings of their own [[intelligence]], [[creativity]], competence, and [[leadership]] ability that are more favorable than others’ ratings of those same characteristics (John and Robins, 1994; Campbell et al., 2004; Judge et al., 2006).

As a result, narcissists have an intense desire to have their superiority reaffirmed through admiration that serves to protect and preserve their grandiose self-images (Chatterjee and Hambrick, 2006). Information that bolsters [[self-esteem]], referred to as “narcissistic supply” (Kernberg, 1975) can be self-generated through exhibitionism or by viewing others less favorably (Bogart et al., 2004). However, some narcissistic supply must derive from the affirmation, applause, and adulation of others (Wallace and Baumeister, 2002).

As a result, narcissists have an intense desire to have their superiority reaffirmed through admiration that serves to protect and preserve their grandiose self-images (Chatterjee and Hambrick, 2006). Information that bolsters self-esteem, referred to as “narcissistic supply” (Kernberg, 1975) can be self-generated through exhibitionism or by viewing others less favorably (Bogart et al., 2004). However, some narcissistic supply must derive from the affirmation, applause, and adulation of others (Wallace and Baumeister, 2002).

The need to maintain sufficient “narcissistic supply” has important effects on the behavior of narcissists. Many of the behavioral tendencies of narcissists are an attempt to inflate and maintain their own (overly) favorable [[Core self-evaluations|self-evaluations]] (Westen, 1990). As a result, narcissists engage in behaviors such as bragging (Hogan et al., 1990), [[denigrate|derogating]] others (DiMaggio et al., 2002; Bogart et al., 2004), reacting to [[ego]] threats with hostility and aggression (Baumeister et al., 1996; Bushman and Baumeister, 1998; Rhodewalt and Morf, 1998; Rhodewalt et al., 1998), making internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure (John and Robins, 1994), and overestimating future outcomes and performance, even in the face of disconfirming feedback (Vazire and Funder, 2006).<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492830/ ''The Moderating Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on the Relationship between Narcissism and Outcomes: An Application of Trait Activation Theory''], ''Frontiers in Psychology'', 017; 8: 1113. Published online 2017 Jun 30. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01113</ref>}}

The need to maintain sufficient “narcissistic supply” has important effects on the behavior of narcissists. Many of the behavioral tendencies of narcissists are an attempt to inflate and maintain their own (overly) favorable [[Core self-evaluations|self-evaluations]] (Westen, 1990). As a result, narcissists engage in behaviors such as bragging (Hogan et al., 1990), [[denigrate|derogating]] others (DiMaggio et al., 2002; Bogart et al., 2004), reacting to [[ego]] threats with hostility and aggression (Baumeister et al., 1996; Bushman and Baumeister, 1998; Rhodewalt and Morf, 1998; Rhodewalt et al., 1998), making internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure (John and Robins, 1994), and overestimating future outcomes and performance, even in the face of disconfirming feedback (Vazire and Funder, 2006).<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492830/ ''The Moderating Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on the Relationship between Narcissism and Outcomes: An Application of Trait Activation Theory''], ''Frontiers in Psychology'', 017; 8: 1113. Published online 2017 Jun 30. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01113</ref>}}