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→Peter the Great and Modernization
During the reign of [[Peter the Great]] (1689-1725), modernization and European influences spread in Russia. Peter created Western-style military forces, subordinated the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] hierarchy to the tsar, reformed the entire governmental structure, and established the beginnings of a Western-style education system. He moved the capital westward from Moscow to [[St. Petersburg]], his newly established city on the [[Baltic]]. His introduction of European customs generated nationalistic resentments in society and spawned the philosophical rivalry between "Westernizers" and nationalistic "Slavophiles" that remains a key dynamic of current Russian social and political thought.
During the reign of [[Peter the Great]] (1689-1725), modernization and European influences spread in Russia. Peter created Western-style military forces, subordinated the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] hierarchy to the tsar, reformed the entire governmental structure, and established the beginnings of a Western-style education system. He moved the capital westward from Moscow to [[St. Petersburg]], his newly established city on the [[Baltic]]. His introduction of European customs generated nationalistic resentments in society and spawned the philosophical rivalry between "Westernizers" and nationalistic "Slavophiles" that remains a key dynamic of current Russian social and political thought.
==Catherine the Great==
{{Anchor|Pale of Settlement}}
{{Anchor|Pale of Settlement}}
[[Catherine the Great]] continued Peter's expansionist policies and established Russia as a European power. During her reign (1762–96), power was centralized in the monarchy, and administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the Russian nobility. Catherine was also known as an enthusiastic patron of art, literature and education and for her correspondence with [[Voltaire]] and other [[Enlightenment]] figures. Catherine also engaged in a territorial resettlement of [[Jew]]s into what became known as "The Pale of Settlement," where great numbers of Jews were concentrated and later subject to vicious attacks known as [[pogrom]]s.
[[Catherine the Great]] continued Peter's expansionist policies and established Russia as a European power. During her reign (1762–96), power was centralized in the monarchy, and administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the Russian nobility. Catherine was also known as an enthusiastic patron of art, literature and education and for her correspondence with [[Voltaire]] and other [[Enlightenment]] figures. Catherine also engaged in a territorial resettlement of [[Jew]]s into what became known as "The Pale of Settlement," where great numbers of Jews were concentrated and later subject to vicious attacks known as [[pogrom]]s.
Russia played a significant role in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. In the summer of 1775, [[King George III]] of [[Great Britain]] sought the support of Russia to send a 20,000-strong military corps to crush the rebellion in [[North America]]. This corps would consist of combat units from the [[Russian army]] and would be led by a British general. Great Britain would pay for the recruitment of the troops and their transportation by ship to North America. The British believed that the Russian troops would guarantee Great Britain success in the upcoming campaign.
However, Russia refused to send any troops and proclaimed "armed neutrality," meaning resistance to British attempts to restrict [[trade]] with the rebel colonies at sea. [[Northern European]] countries such as [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Prussia]] supported this policy.<ref>[https://x.com/rwapodcast/status/1808988818642702770?s=46 Russian-American Friendship], [[Russians With Attitude]], July 3, 2024. x.com/rwapodcast</ref>
==19th Century==
==19th Century==