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Other diseases that have been curbed since the invention of vaccines include [[smallpox]] (previously a yearly killer of thousands worldwide), [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[rubella]], and [[typhoid]].

Other diseases that have been curbed since the invention of vaccines include [[smallpox]] (previously a yearly killer of thousands worldwide), [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[rubella]], and [[typhoid]].

== Influenza Vaccine and evolution==

== Influenza Vaccine and microevolution==

The flu vaccine is an excellent example of modern vaccination.  Due to the change in [[allele]] frequency over time in the population of the influenza virus, which scientists describe as microevolution, new influenza vaccines are created each year.  According to the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC] <ref>"Inactivated Influenza Vaccine, What you need to know," a publication of the Center for Disease Control, 2006. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/VIS/vis-flu.pdf</ref>,  

The flu vaccine is an excellent example of modern vaccination.  Due to the change in [[allele]] frequency over time in the population of the influenza virus, which scientists describe as microevolution, new influenza vaccines are created each year.  According to the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC] <ref>"Inactivated Influenza Vaccine, What you need to know," a publication of the Center for Disease Control, 2006. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/VIS/vis-flu.pdf</ref>,  

Influenza viruses are always changing. Therefore, influenza vaccines are updated every year, and an annual vaccination is recommended.

Influenza viruses are always changing. Therefore, influenza vaccines are updated every year, and an annual vaccination is recommended.

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Since production of the vaccine must begin many months before the influenza season starts models of the evolution and population genetics of the virus must be produced. <ref>http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v5/n3/full/nrd1988.html Influenza vaccines </ref> The success of vaccinations programs in the face of rapid evolution of the influenza virus is dependent on the accuracy of predictions from the [[Theory of evolution]].<ref>http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030324/full/030324-5.html Flue evolution modeled </ref>  The [[National Institute of Health]] recently assigned $26 million dollars to establish a research center to better develop evolutionary and molecular models of influenza. <ref> http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-8024.html $26 million NIH contract to establish new flu/bird flu Center of Excellence </ref>

Since production of the vaccine must begin many months before the influenza season starts models of the population genetics of the virus must be produced. <ref>http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v5/n3/full/nrd1988.html Influenza vaccines </ref> The success of vaccinations programs in the face of rapid evolution of the influenza virus is dependent on the accuracy of these predictions.<ref>http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030324/full/030324-5.html Flue evolution modeled </ref>  The [[National Institute of Health]] recently assigned $26 million dollars to establish a research center to better develop molecular models of influenza. <ref> http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-8024.html $26 million NIH contract to establish new flu/bird flu Center of Excellence </ref>

==Herd immunity and mandatory vaccination==

==Herd immunity and mandatory vaccination==