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→World War II and post-war era
In the early 20th Century Arab nationalists including Iraqis began rebelling against their Turkish rulers. With the outbreak of the [[First World War]] they fought alongside the Allies against the Turks in the hope of gaining their independence. France and Britain would control the Arab lands and Iraq came under the British mandate. When Iraqi tribesmen rebelled against British rule, the rebellion was put down using aerial bombardment - the first time air power had been used in such a way. In 1932 Iraq was granted independence although Britain still exercised considerable control over the country and had retained Kuwait for its oil.
In the early 20th Century Arab nationalists including Iraqis began rebelling against their Turkish rulers. With the outbreak of the [[First World War]] they fought alongside the Allies against the Turks in the hope of gaining their independence. France and Britain would control the Arab lands and Iraq came under the British mandate. When Iraqi tribesmen rebelled against British rule, the rebellion was put down using aerial bombardment - the first time air power had been used in such a way. In 1932 Iraq was granted independence although Britain still exercised considerable control over the country and had retained Kuwait for its oil.
====World War II and post-war era====
====1932, World War II and post-war era====
In 1933<ref>James. Barrie G. (2012). Hitler's Gulf War: The Fight for Iraq 1941. United Kingdom:Grub Street Publishers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8SIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29]</ref>
In 1932<ref name=gesher2003>Gesher. World Jewish Congress. Israel Executive, 2003. iss. 147-151, pp. 64-66.
[[Fritz Grobba]] purchased a Christian-owned newspaper, "The Arab World" (al-'Alam al-'Arabi - العالم العربي). He serialised an Arabic version of Adolf Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'', and soon, Radio Berlin began to broadcast in Arabic by [[Younes Bahri]].<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2024.2318157 Iraq and its Jewish minority: from the establishment of the state to the great Jewish immigration 1921-1951].
[https://books.google.com/books?id=iR0uAQAAIAAJ&q=%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94].
Yablonka, Hannah. The Mizrahim and the Holocaust. Yediot Ahronot, 2008, p. 228.
[https://books.google.com/books?id=fBwMAQAAMAAJ&q=%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94].<blockquote><small>
"Nazi propaganda is gaining traction.
In 1932, Iraq was accepted as a member of the League of Nations and gained independence. Anticipating admission to the League of Nations, Iraq issued a declaration in May 1932 that included a promise to the Council of the League of Nations that Iraq would protect the rights of its minorities; However, Iraq refused to accept the appointment of a representative to oversee the fulfillment of these promises. The liberal King Faisal died in 1933, and the Jewish community saw this as an ominous sign.
Ghazi, Faisal's son, came to power, and reigned in Iraq until his death in a car accident, in 1939.
Ghazi's reign marked the beginning of a period of intolerance and Nazi propaganda in Iraq, which began with the massacre of the Assyrians in 1933.
The massacre sent a message to all minorities in Iraq, including the Jews.
Nazi propaganda began to spread in Iraq in 1932, when Dr. Fritz Grobba was appointed plenipotentiary at the German mission. Grobba purchased a daily Arabic newspaper, al-Alam al-Arabi, and published excerpts from 'Mein Kampf' in it. He also managed to convince Berlin Radio to start In Arabic broadcasts, the Nazi ideology soon permeated Iraqi society, and in 1934 600 Jewish officials were dismissed from their government jobs. In 1934, the first discriminatory law was enacted, which required the Jews to deposit fifty pounds in order to receive a permit to travel abroad The high schools and the state higher education institutions were instructed to limit the number of Jews studying in them.The teaching of Hebrew and Jewish history in the Jewish schools...</small></blockquote></ref> Iraq was accepted as a member of the League of Nations and gained independence. Anticipating admission to the League of Nations, Iraq issued a declaration in May 1932 that included a promise to the Council of the League of Nations that Iraq would protect the rights of its minorities; However, Iraq refused to accept the appointment of a representative to oversee the fulfillment of these promises. The liberal King Faisal died in 1933, and the Jewish community saw this as an ominous sign. Ghazi, Faisal's son, came to power, and reigned in Iraq until his death in a car accident, in 1939.
Ghazi's reign marked the beginning of a period of intolerance and Nazi propaganda in Iraq, which began with the massacre of the Assyrians in 1933.
The massacre sent a message to all minorities in Iraq, including the Jews.
Nazi propaganda began to spread in Iraq in 1932, when Dr. Fritz Gronba was appointed plenipotentiary at the German mission.
In 1933<ref>James. Barrie G. (2012). Hitler's Gulf War: The Fight for Iraq 1941. United Kingdom:Grub Street Publishers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8SIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29]</ref><ref name=gesher2003/> [[Fritz Grobba]] purchased a Christian-owned newspaper, "The Arab World" (al-'Alam al-'Arabi - العالم العربي). He serialised an Arabic version of Adolf Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'', and soon, Radio Berlin began to broadcast in Arabic by [[Younes Bahri]].<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2024.2318157 Iraq and its Jewish minority: from the establishment of the state to the great Jewish immigration 1921-1951].
Moshe Gat]</ref><ref>
Moshe Gat]</ref><ref>
Sabar, A. (2009). My Father's Paradise: A Son's Search for His Family's Past. United States: Algonquin Books.
Sabar, A. (2009). My Father's Paradise: A Son's Search for His Family's Past. United States: Algonquin Books.