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'''Fundamentalism''' is one of four major branches within Protestantism, the other three being [[Mainline Protestant churches|mainline]], [[evangelical]], and [[Pentecostal]]. However, the term itself is sometimes used in a pejorative way today by [[liberal]] bigots to describe any Christian individual or group that opposes liberal Christianity.

'''Fundamentalism''' is one of four major branches within Protestantism, the other three being [[Mainline Protestant churches|mainline]], [[evangelical]], and [[Pentecostal]]. However, the term itself is sometimes used in a pejorative way today by [[liberal]] bigots to describe any Christian individual or group that opposes liberal Christianity.

In the 1870s, [[Dwight L. Moody]]'s evangelical tours attracted enormous crowds. Moody denounced [[modernism]] and Darwin's theory of evolution. He founded the [[Moody Bible Institute]] to teach [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of scripture]]. The term "fundamentalism" was popularized by a series of pamphlets published in 1910 to 1915. Led by former baseball player [[Billy Sunday]] (1862-1935) and later by U.S. Senator [[William Jennings Bryan]] (1860-1925), the movement achieved great prominence. Yet in the 1930s, it all but disappeared. In the late 1940s, there was a revival led by [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018).

In the 1870s, [[Dwight L. Moody]]'s evangelical tours attracted enormous crowds. Moody denounced [[modernism]] and Darwin's theory of evolution. He founded the [[Moody Bible Institute]] to teach [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of scripture]]. The term "fundamentalism" was popularized by a series of pamphlets published from 1910 to 1915. Led by former baseball player [[Billy Sunday]] (1862-1935) and later by U.S. Senator [[William Jennings Bryan]] (1860-1925), the movement achieved great prominence. Yet in the 1930s, it all but disappeared. In the late 1940s, there was a revival led by [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018).

At this time, the terms "evangelical" and "fundamentalist" were used interchangeably. Around 1956, Graham began to extend fellowship to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]] and to modernists. A group of pastors led by [[John R. Rice]] (1895-1980) and Bob Jones (1911 – 1997) objected. Graham rebranded himself as an evangelical, yielding the "fundamentalist" label to Rice and Jones, who would become major figures in the [[Independent Baptist]] movement.

At this time, the terms "evangelical" and "fundamentalist" were used interchangeably. Around 1956, Graham began to extend fellowship to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]] and to modernists. A group of pastors led by [[John R. Rice]] (1895-1980) and Bob Jones (1911 – 1997) objected. Graham rebranded himself as an evangelical, yielding the "fundamentalist" label to Rice and Jones, who would become major figures in the [[Independent Baptist]] movement.

The movement is associated with the 1925 [[Scopes Trial]], which concerned the issue of evolution. It suffered a decline in the 1930s, but revived in the late 1940s.

The movement is associated with the 1925 [[Scopes Trial]], which concerned the issue of evolution. It suffered a decline in the 1930s, but revived in the late 1940s.

Merriam Webster defines fundamentalism as "a movement in 20th century Protestantism emphasizing the literally interpreted Bible as fundamental to Christian life and teaching."<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundamentalist fundamentalism - Merriam-Webster Dictionary (merriam-webster.com)]</ref>

Merriam-Webster defines fundamentalism as "a movement in 20th century Protestantism emphasizing the literally interpreted Bible as fundamental to Christian life and teaching."<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundamentalist fundamentalism - Merriam-Webster Dictionary (merriam-webster.com)]</ref>

Author George M. Marsden defines it this way:

Author George M. Marsden defines it this way:

===Jews===

===Jews===

There are no fundamentalist Jews, as all movements to return to the basic tenets of [[Judaism]] simply result in increased orthodoxy.  Judaism may be unique in this regard. Though according to scholars such as Samuel C. Heilman, Menachem Friedman, and Werner Backeberg, there are "truly fundamentalist Jews" who are "a minority of a minority of a minority (that is, approximately 30 percent of Orthodox Jewry, which itself is only about 15 percent of the approximately twelve million members of world Jewry)."<ref>Fundamentalism, Werner Backeberg (Faculty of Theology) Institute for Missiological and Ecumenical Research (IMER), University of Pretoria, p. 19</ref><ref>[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Fundamentalism-Observed/Martin-E-Marty/e/9780226508788 ''Fundamentalism Observed''], p. 198</ref>

There are no fundamentalist Jews, as all movements to return to the basic tenets of [[Judaism]] simply result in increased orthodoxy.  Judaism may be unique in this regard. According to scholars such as Samuel C. Heilman, Menachem Friedman, and Werner Backeberg, there are "truly fundamentalist Jews" who are "a minority of a minority of a minority (that is, approximately 30 percent of Orthodox Jewry, which itself is only about 15 percent of the approximately twelve million members of world Jewry)."<ref>Fundamentalism, Werner Backeberg (Faculty of Theology) Institute for Missiological and Ecumenical Research (IMER), University of Pretoria, p. 19</ref><ref>[http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Fundamentalism-Observed/Martin-E-Marty/e/9780226508788 ''Fundamentalism Observed''], p. 198</ref>

In recent times, the media has taken to describing any conservative non-denominational church or conservative evangelical church as fundamentalist.  Indeed, these churches do strive to return to the basics of Christianity&mdash;its fundamentals.

In recent times, the media has taken to describing any conservative non-denominational church or conservative evangelical church as fundamentalist.  Indeed, these churches do strive to return to the basics of Christianity&mdash;its fundamentals.

See [[Christian Zionism]]

See [[Christian Zionism]]

Historically speaking, the majority of American Fundamentalists have been and remain [[zionism|zionists]].  Fundamentalist-evangelicals rejoiced when part of Jerusalem was annexed after the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], whereas the [[National Council of Churches]] denounced Israel.  Liberal Christianity called for the "internationalization" of Jerusalem throughout the 1960s, while Fundamentalists expressed their hope for Biblical [[prophecy]]: God promised Jerusalem to Israel.<ref name=Rausch>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-BPjHQAACAAJ Zionism Within Early American Fundamentalism 1878-1918: A Convergence of Two Traditions]'', David A. Rausch, Edwin Mellen Press, 1979, ISBN 9-88946-875-3, ISBN 0-88946-976-8, p.4</ref>   

Historically speaking, the majority of American Fundamentalists have been and remain [[zionism|zionists]].  Fundamentalist evangelicals rejoiced when part of Jerusalem was annexed after the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], whereas the [[National Council of Churches]] denounced Israel.  Liberal Christianity called for the "internationalization" of Jerusalem throughout the 1960s, while Fundamentalists expressed their hope for Biblical [[prophecy]]: God promised Jerusalem to Israel.<ref name=Rausch>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-BPjHQAACAAJ Zionism Within Early American Fundamentalism 1878-1918: A Convergence of Two Traditions]'', David A. Rausch, Edwin Mellen Press, 1979, ISBN 9-88946-875-3, ISBN 0-88946-976-8, p.4</ref>   

===Differences between liberal and fundamentalist Christians ===

===Differences between liberal and fundamentalist Christians ===

Religious fundamentalism has risen to worldwide prominence ever since the 1970s.<ref>[https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123141 The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism, ''Annual Review of Sociology'', 2006, Vol. 32:127-144]</ref>  

Religious fundamentalism has risen to worldwide prominence ever since the 1970s.<ref>[https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123141 The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism, ''Annual Review of Sociology'', 2006, Vol. 32:127-144]</ref>  

[[Eric Kaufmann]] is a professor of politics at Birkbeck College, University of London and author.  His academic research specialty is how [[demography|demographic]] changes affect religion/irreligion and politics.  

[[Eric Kaufmann]] is a professor of politics at Birkbeck College, University of London, and author.  His academic research specialty is how [[demography|demographic]] changes affect religion/irreligion and politics.  

According to Kaufmann:

According to Kaufmann:

{{cquote|It will be a century or more before the world completes its [[demography|demographic]] transition.  There is still too much smoke in the air for us to pick out the peaks and valleys of the emerging social order.  This much seems certain: without a new [secular liberal] ideology to inspire social cohesion, fundamentalism cannot be stopped.  The religious shall inherit the earth.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180828015720/https://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/the-stork-theory/ The Stork Theory] By Allan C. Carlson, February 28, 2018</ref>}}

{{cquote|It will be a century or more before the world completes its [[demography|demographic]] transition.  There is still too much smoke in the air for us to pick out the peaks and valleys of the emerging social order.  This much seems certain: without a new [secular liberal] ideology to inspire social cohesion, fundamentalism cannot be stopped.  The religious shall inherit the earth.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180828015720/https://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/the-stork-theory/ The Stork Theory] By Allan C. Carlson, February 28, 2018</ref>}}

At a conference Kaufmann said of religious demographic projections concerning the 21st century:

At a conference, Kaufmann said of religious demographic projections concerning the 21st century:

{{cquote|Part of the reason I think [[demography]] is very important, at least if we are going to speak about the future, is that it is the most predictable of the [[social sciences]].

{{cquote|Part of the reason I think [[demography]] is very important, at least if we are going to speak about the future, is that it is the most predictable of the [[social sciences]].

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

* Trollinger, William Vance, Jr., ed. ''The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley.'' (Creationism in Twentieth century America: A Ten-Volume Anthology of Documents, 1903–1961. Vol. 4.) New York: Garland, 1995. 221 pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ymZZKxwHuwC&dq=%22William+Bell+Riley%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=VBjIZ-Zw4d&sig=A_Lp6IE0rso5QG8gwLni9tJx4xY&hl=en&ei=OGEHSr6bHITEtAP-5JToAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#PPR5,M1 excerpt and text search]

* Trollinger, William Vance, Jr., ed. ''The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley.'' (Creationism in Twentieth-century America: A Ten-Volume Anthology of Documents, 1903–1961. Vol. 4.) New York: Garland, 1995. 221 pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ymZZKxwHuwC&dq=%22William+Bell+Riley%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=VBjIZ-Zw4d&sig=A_Lp6IE0rso5QG8gwLni9tJx4xY&hl=en&ei=OGEHSr6bHITEtAP-5JToAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#PPR5,M1 excerpt and text search]

== References ==

== References ==