Changes

Other members of this cell included Hiss's Harvard friends [[Henry Collins|Collins]] and [[Lee Pressman|Pressman]] (who would join the [[Communist Party]] about this time),<ref>[[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2850 (PDF 16)</ref> as well as [[Nathan Witt|Witt]] (who would be identified as a fellow [[Communist]] by Pressman),<ref>[[#refChambers52|Chambers 1952]]: 612</ref> [[#refCook91|secret Communist]] [[John Abt]]<ref>[[#refHUAC48|HUAC 1948]]: 643 (PDF 153)</ref> and [[USSR|Soviet]] spy<ref>[[#refSpies09|Hanes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 279-282</ref> [[Charles Kramer]]. Abt would later admit having been a member of the [[Ware group]],<ref>John J. Abt with Michael Myerson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9REaIPPh4k4C Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer]'' (University of Illinois Press, 1993) ISBN 0252020308, pp. 40-41. Abt would become [[#refCook91|chief counsel]] for the Communist Party. In 1950-53, Abt would unsuccessfully defend the [[Communist Party]] before the [[Subversive Activities Control Board]], which found that the party was required by law to register as an agent of a foreign power (83d Cong., 1st sess., Document No. 41, Subversive Activities Control Board, [http://ia600409.us.archive.org/22/items/herbertbrownellj1956unit/herbertbrownellj1956unit_bw.pdf Herbert Brownell, Jr. Attorney General of the United States, Petitioner vs. Communist Party of the United States of America, Respondent: Report of the Board], April 23, 1953 [Washington: United States Government Printing Office: 1953], pp. 1, 132 [PDF pp. 9, 140]); he would later argue unsuccessfully before the [[Supreme Court]] for the repeal of the [[#refCook91|McCarran Act]]. Arrested for [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/09/books/books-of-the-times-kennedy-assassination-answers.html the assassination of President] [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1963, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0085b.htm self-proclaimed "Marxist"] (Warren Commission Hearings, CE 2240, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0085b.htm FBI transcript: Lee Oswald to the Socialist Party of America Vol. XXV, p. 140], October 3, 1956) [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] would request Abt as his attorney. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0154a.htm Testimony of Harry D. Holmes], Warren Commission Hearings, Vol. VII, pp. 299-300. Cf. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0168b.htm Testimony of H. Louis Nichols], Warren Commission Hearings, Vol. VII, pp. 328-329; [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0062b.htm Testimony of John J. Abt], Warren Commission Hearings, Vol. XX, p. 116; [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0315b.htm Report of Capt. J.W. Fritz, Dallas Police Department], p. 8, Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, p. 606</ref> as would [http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch01057 Communist writer] Hope Hale Davis (wife of [[Comintern]] agent<ref>Chapman Pincher, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=netJI5stGlwC Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage against America and Great Britain]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 140006807X, pp. 43-47, 61.</ref> Claud Cockburn), who would write that its meetings involved discussions of how to "achieve promotion&mdash;a primary goal," or whether to "try to influence policy," as well as "secret directives&mdash;for purloining official documents," etc.<ref>Hope Hale Davis, "Looking Back at my Years in the Party," ''New Leader'', February 11, 1980, pp. 11, 13. Cf. [[#refGall99|Gall 1999]]: 41. According to Davis, the Ware group “was used, [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/nav2.html to my knowledge], for stealing documents from government agencies.” Her husband, she said, regularly supplied “a party contact confidential information from his job.” Davis added, “Everyone in Hal Ware's group had accepted the directive to get whatever we could for the party to use in any way it saw fit.” Eric Jacobs et al., "Arguments (New and Old) About the Hiss Case," [https://books.google.com/books?id=DA4HAQAAIAAJ''Encounter'', vol. 52] (March 1979), p. 87</ref> This influx of radicals caused AAA administrator George Peek to resign in protest, writing:

Other members of this cell included Hiss's Harvard friends [[Henry Collins|Collins]] and [[Lee Pressman|Pressman]] (who would join the [[Communist Party]] about this time),<ref>[[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2850 (PDF 16)</ref> as well as [[Nathan Witt|Witt]] (who would be identified as a fellow [[Communist]] by Pressman),<ref>[[#refChambers52|Chambers 1952]]: 612</ref> [[#refCook91|secret Communist]] [[John Abt]]<ref>[[#refHUAC48|HUAC 1948]]: 643 (PDF 153)</ref> and [[USSR|Soviet]] spy<ref>[[#refSpies09|Hanes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 279-282</ref> [[Charles Kramer]]. Abt would later admit having been a member of the [[Ware group]],<ref>John J. Abt with Michael Myerson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9REaIPPh4k4C Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer]'' (University of Illinois Press, 1993) ISBN 0252020308, pp. 40-41. Abt would become [[#refCook91|chief counsel]] for the Communist Party. In 1950-53, Abt would unsuccessfully defend the [[Communist Party]] before the [[Subversive Activities Control Board]], which found that the party was required by law to register as an agent of a foreign power (83d Cong., 1st sess., Document No. 41, Subversive Activities Control Board, [http://ia600409.us.archive.org/22/items/herbertbrownellj1956unit/herbertbrownellj1956unit_bw.pdf Herbert Brownell, Jr. Attorney General of the United States, Petitioner vs. Communist Party of the United States of America, Respondent: Report of the Board], April 23, 1953 [Washington: United States Government Printing Office: 1953], pp. 1, 132 [PDF pp. 9, 140]); he would later argue unsuccessfully before the [[Supreme Court]] for the repeal of the [[#refCook91|McCarran Act]]. Arrested for [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/09/books/books-of-the-times-kennedy-assassination-answers.html the assassination of President] [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1963, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0085b.htm self-proclaimed "Marxist"] (Warren Commission Hearings, CE 2240, [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0085b.htm FBI transcript: Lee Oswald to the Socialist Party of America Vol. XXV, p. 140], October 3, 1956) [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] would request Abt as his attorney. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0154a.htm Testimony of Harry D. Holmes], Warren Commission Hearings, Vol. VII, pp. 299-300. Cf. [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0168b.htm Testimony of H. Louis Nichols], Warren Commission Hearings, Vol. VII, pp. 328-329; [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh10/html/WC_Vol10_0062b.htm Testimony of John J. Abt], Warren Commission Hearings, Vol. XX, p. 116; [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0315b.htm Report of Capt. J.W. Fritz, Dallas Police Department], p. 8, Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, p. 606</ref> as would [http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch01057 Communist writer] Hope Hale Davis (wife of [[Comintern]] agent<ref>Chapman Pincher, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=netJI5stGlwC Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage against America and Great Britain]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 140006807X, pp. 43-47, 61.</ref> Claud Cockburn), who would write that its meetings involved discussions of how to "achieve promotion&mdash;a primary goal," or whether to "try to influence policy," as well as "secret directives&mdash;for purloining official documents," etc.<ref>Hope Hale Davis, "Looking Back at my Years in the Party," ''New Leader'', February 11, 1980, pp. 11, 13. Cf. [[#refGall99|Gall 1999]]: 41. According to Davis, the Ware group “was used, [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/nav2.html to my knowledge], for stealing documents from government agencies.” Her husband, she said, regularly supplied “a party contact confidential information from his job.” Davis added, “Everyone in Hal Ware's group had accepted the directive to get whatever we could for the party to use in any way it saw fit.” Eric Jacobs et al., "Arguments (New and Old) About the Hiss Case," [https://books.google.com/books?id=DA4HAQAAIAAJ''Encounter'', vol. 52] (March 1979), p. 87</ref> This influx of radicals caused AAA administrator George Peek to resign in protest, writing:

{{cquote|A plague of young lawyers settled on Washington. They all claimed to be friends of somebody or other and mostly of Felix Frankfurter and Jerome Frank<ref>According to radical lawyer Arthur Kinoy, [https://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/childs-play_591433.html?nopager=1. leader of a group of secret Communists], Frank was "the leading liberal judge on the court; Jerome Frank, the intellectual leader of the New Deal and architect of its most progressive legislation; Jerome Frank, the idol of young progressive law students and leader of the liberals when he taught law at Yale, who had led the fight against the conservatism of the old-guard faculty...." Arthur Kinoy, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8IQaAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Rights on Trial: The Odyssey of a People's Lawyer]'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983) ISBN 0674770137, p. 97</ref>... in the legal division were formed the plans which eventually turned the AAA from a device to aid the farmers into a device to introduce the collectivist system of agriculture into this country.<ref>George N. Peek with Samuel Crowther, “In and Out: the Experiences of the First AAA Administrator,” ''The Saturday Evening Post'', May 16, 1936, p. 5</ref>}}

{{cquote|A plague of young lawyers settled on Washington. They all claimed to be friends of somebody or other and mostly of Felix Frankfurter and Jerome Frank<ref>According to radical lawyer Arthur Kinoy, [https://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/childs-play_591433.html?nopager=1. leader of a group of secret Communists], Frank was "the leading liberal judge on the court; Jerome Frank, the intellectual leader of the New Deal and architect of its most progressive legislation; Jerome Frank, the idol of young progressive law students and leader of the liberals when he taught law at Yale, who had led the fight against the conservatism of the old-guard faculty...." Arthur Kinoy, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8IQaAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Rights on Trial: The Odyssey of a People's Lawyer]'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983) ISBN 0674770137, p. 97</ref>... in the legal division were formed the plans which eventually turned the AAA from a device to aid the farmers into a device to introduce the collectivist system of agriculture into this country.<ref>George N. Peek with Samuel Crowther, “In and Out: the Experiences of the First AAA Administrator,” ''The Saturday Evening Post'', May 16, 1936, p. 5</ref>}}

Even before the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] would learn of [[Whittaker Chambers]]' charges, one of Hiss's colleagues at the AAA<ref>Apparently Leonore Fuller, sister of Secretary of State James Byrnes, who would later force Hiss out of the State Department. [http://media.clemson.edu/library/special_collections/findingaids/manuscripts/mss090Byrnes/byrnes.htm James F. Byrnes Papers], Finding Aid: [http://media.clemson.edu/library/special_collections/findingaids/manuscripts/mss090Byrnes/Mss90-02ByrnesSenatorial.pdf Series 2: Senatorial Series, 1924-1941; bulk 1933-1941], p. 1 [http://media.clemson.edu/library/special_collections/findingaids/manuscripts/mssindex.htm Manuscript Collections], [http://www.clemson.edu/ Clemson University] [http://www.clemson.edu/library/ Library]. Cf. "Leonora Fuller" in Morton Levitt and Michael Levitt, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oiN4AAAAMAAJ A tissue of lies: Nixon vs. Hiss]'' (McGraw-Hill, 1979) ISBN 0070373973, p. 267</ref> would tip off FBI investigators that Hiss and his circle were [[fellow traveller|fellow travelers]], if not Communists.<ref>FBI memorandum: Ladd to Hoover, January 28, 1949, p. 2 (FBI file: Hiss-Chambers, Vol. 44)</ref> In February 1935, the "[[#refChronology|radicals]]" [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,748453,00.html were "purged"] from AAA. According to [[New Deal]]er [http://archon.brandeis.edu/?p=collections/controlcard&id=70 Gardner Jackson]:<ref>Five years later, when [[HUAC]] would expand its probes to include [[Nazi]] allies -- including (during the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]]) [[Communist]]s -- Jackson would [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883947,00.html pay American Fascist David Mayne for forged letters] in a failed attempt to smear the committee.</ref>

 

Even before the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] would learn of [[Whittaker Chambers]]' charges, one of Hiss's colleagues at the AAA<ref>Apparently Leonore Fuller, sister of Secretary of State James Byrnes, who would later force Hiss out of the State Department. [http://media.clemson.edu/library/special_collections/findingaids/manuscripts/mss090Byrnes/byrnes.htm James F. Byrnes Papers], Finding Aid: [http://media.clemson.edu/library/special_collections/findingaids/manuscripts/mss090Byrnes/Mss90-02ByrnesSenatorial.pdf Series 2: Senatorial Series, 1924-1941; bulk 1933-1941], p. 1 [http://media.clemson.edu/library/special_collections/findingaids/manuscripts/mssindex.htm Manuscript Collections], [http://www.clemson.edu/ Clemson University] [http://www.clemson.edu/library/ Library]. Cf. "Leonora Fuller" in Morton Levitt and Michael Levitt, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oiN4AAAAMAAJ A tissue of lies: Nixon vs. Hiss]'' (McGraw-Hill, 1979) ISBN 0070373973, p. 267</ref> would tip off FBI investigators that Hiss and his circle were [[fellow traveller]]s, if not Communists.<ref>FBI memorandum: Ladd to Hoover, January 28, 1949, p. 2 (FBI file: Hiss-Chambers, Vol. 44)</ref> In February 1935, the "[[#refChronology|radicals]]" [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,748453,00.html were "purged"] from AAA. According to [[New Deal]]er [http://archon.brandeis.edu/?p=collections/controlcard&id=70 Gardner Jackson]:<ref>Five years later, when [[HUAC]] would expand its probes to include [[Nazi]] allies -- including (during the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]]) [[Communist]]s -- Jackson would [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883947,00.html pay American Fascist David Mayne for forged letters] in a failed attempt to smear the committee.</ref>

{{cquote|Late in the day of our dismissal Wallace sent word that he would see two of the people on the dismissal list. Jerome Frank and a member of his legal staff, Alger Hiss, were delegated for the interview. Wallace haltingly greeted them (and, through them, others on the list) as "the best fighters in a good cause" he had ever worked with. But he said that he had to [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194808/henry-wallace fire them].}}

{{cquote|Late in the day of our dismissal Wallace sent word that he would see two of the people on the dismissal list. Jerome Frank and a member of his legal staff, Alger Hiss, were delegated for the interview. Wallace haltingly greeted them (and, through them, others on the list) as "the best fighters in a good cause" he had ever worked with. But he said that he had to [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194808/henry-wallace fire them].}}