Changes

The Bolsheviks of the Soviet Republic of Ukraine occupied Kiev (February 2, 2018) thanks to the fact that many Ukrainian forces changed sides and other refused to fight. The government of the Rada, chaired by Binechenko, that was negotiating a separate peace with the [[Central Powers]], was arrested. The Ukrainian forces concentrated in Pechek, south of Kiev, and the government of the Rada moved to Zhitomir under the presidency of Golubovich. On February 9, 1918, they signed the peace separately with Germany and Austria: Ukraine kept its frontiers and got the territory of Kholm. The German armies broke the ceasefire with Russia on February 18 and entered in Ukraine on February 19. Golubovich, who was in Zhitomir in a desperate situation due to the unstoppable Bolshevik advance, requested help from Germany (February 19). The German troops crossed the Dnieper on March 1 and advanced in all fronts and headed to Kiev that was occupied the following day. On March 3 Bolshevik Russia signed an armistice (that led to the peace of Brest-Litovsk on March 8) and the combats stopped in Russian territory but not in Ukraine. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] assigned to Ukraine a part of [[Belorussia]] (March 8), that however lost part of Kholm. On March 12, 1917 practically all Ukraine was under Austrian or German control.

The Bolsheviks of the Soviet Republic of Ukraine occupied Kiev (February 2, 2018) thanks to the fact that many Ukrainian forces changed sides and other refused to fight. The government of the Rada, chaired by Binechenko, that was negotiating a separate peace with the [[Central Powers]], was arrested. The Ukrainian forces concentrated in Pechek, south of Kiev, and the government of the Rada moved to Zhitomir under the presidency of Golubovich. On February 9, 1918, they signed the peace separately with Germany and Austria: Ukraine kept its frontiers and got the territory of Kholm. The German armies broke the ceasefire with Russia on February 18 and entered in Ukraine on February 19. Golubovich, who was in Zhitomir in a desperate situation due to the unstoppable Bolshevik advance, requested help from Germany (February 19). The German troops crossed the Dnieper on March 1 and advanced in all fronts and headed to Kiev that was occupied the following day. On March 3 Bolshevik Russia signed an armistice (that led to the peace of Brest-Litovsk on March 8) and the combats stopped in Russian territory but not in Ukraine. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] assigned to Ukraine a part of [[Belorussia]] (March 8), that however lost part of Kholm. On March 12, 1917 practically all Ukraine was under Austrian or German control.

[[File:Pavlo Skoropadsky, Hetman of all Ukraine in 1918.jpg|thumbnail|250px|Pavlo Skoropadsky, Hetman of all Ukraine in 1918, the anti-Bolshevik monarch.]]

[[File:Pavlo Skoropadsky, Hetman of all Ukraine in 1918.jpg|thumbnail|250px|[[Pavlo Skoropadsky]], Hetman of all Ukraine in 1918, the anti-Bolshevik monarch.]]

The Germans established a government known as the Hetmanate. The President of the Rada, Golubovich, collaborated with the Germans but they favored the landowners and conservative classes while the government was [[Social democratic]]. As the anti-German agitation was increasing and the Rada was expressing more and more opposition to the occupation regime, the German Army performed a coup d'état. On April 29 the Parliament or Rada elected Michael Hrushewsky as first president of the Republic. The following day the German forces, with the collaboration of the Cossacks of the Hetman Skoropadsky, performed a ''[[coup d'état]]''. Hrushevsky and other members of the Rada were jailed. Martial law was proclaimed. At the head of the government was put the Hetman Paulov Skoropadsky. The state was supported by the Ukrainian cosacs and some military organizations, after the disbandment of the Central Rada of the People's Republic of Ukraine, in the context of the First World War, and was maintained until December 14 of the same year. The outstanding political figure was General Pavló Skoropadskyi, who personally exercised power over the theoretical proclamation of the country as a [[monarchy]] in opposition to [[Bolsheviks]].<ref name=Hetmanat>{{cite web |url= http://whp057.narod.ru/ukrder.htm |title= ''Hetmanat of Ukraine'' |date= 12-02-2008 |arxiuurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101225015145/http://whp057.narod.ru/ukrder.htm |access-date= 2010-12-25}}</ref>

The Germans established a government known as the Hetmanate. The President of the Rada, Golubovich, collaborated with the Germans but they favored the landowners and conservative classes while the government was [[Social democratic]]. As the anti-German agitation was increasing and the Rada was expressing more and more opposition to the occupation regime, the German Army performed a coup d'état. On April 29 the Parliament or Rada elected Michael Hrushewsky as first president of the Republic. The following day the German forces, with the collaboration of the Cossacks of the Hetman Skoropadsky, performed a ''[[coup d'état]]''. Hrushevsky and other members of the Rada were jailed. Martial law was proclaimed. At the head of the government was put the Hetman Paulov Skoropadsky. The state was supported by the Ukrainian cosacs and some military organizations, after the disbandment of the Central Rada of the People's Republic of Ukraine, in the context of the First World War, and was maintained until December 14 of the same year. The outstanding political figure was General [[Pavlo Skoropadsky|Pavló Skoropadskyi]], who personally exercised power over the theoretical proclamation of the country as a [[monarchy]] in opposition to [[Bolsheviks]].<ref name=Hetmanat>{{cite web |url= http://whp057.narod.ru/ukrder.htm |title= ''Hetmanat of Ukraine'' |date= 12-02-2008 |arxiuurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101225015145/http://whp057.narod.ru/ukrder.htm |access-date= 2010-12-25}}</ref>

In 1919 Kamenskoye was occupied in turn by the Kuban Cossacks, General Anton Denikin of the anti-Bolshevik White army, and the Ukrainian anarchist Nestor Makhno’s Green army. In the area of Guliay-Pole an 'anarchist state' was proclaimed. Makhno fought against the Germans, against the monarchist White armies (on the side of the [[Red Army]]), and against the [[Bolshevik]]s. The flags of the 'makhnovtzy' were black with inscriptions "Anarchy is the mother of order" [Anarkhiya - mat' poriadka] and other inscriptions, or plain black or red-black.

In 1919 Kamenskoye was occupied in turn by the Kuban Cossacks, General Anton Denikin of the anti-Bolshevik White army, and the Ukrainian anarchist Nestor Makhno’s Green army. In the area of Guliay-Pole an 'anarchist state' was proclaimed. Makhno fought against the Germans, against the monarchist White armies (on the side of the [[Red Army]]), and against the [[Bolshevik]]s. The flags of the 'makhnovtzy' were black with inscriptions "Anarchy is the mother of order" [Anarkhiya - mat' poriadka] and other inscriptions, or plain black or red-black.