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→The Einsatzgruppen
The killings were done in first and second waves, with the bodies buried in mass graves. When the Soviet Red Army threatened and carried out counter-offensives to reclaim lost territory, special units made up of concentration camp inmates (''sonderkomandos'') would return to the sites, dig up the bodies, and burn them in mass pyres, destroying the evidence of their crimes. The number of individual persons killed by the Einsatzgruppen has been estimated at a minimum of one million.
The killings were done in first and second waves, with the bodies buried in mass graves. When the Soviet Red Army threatened and carried out counter-offensives to reclaim lost territory, special units made up of concentration camp inmates (''sonderkomandos'') would return to the sites, dig up the bodies, and burn them in mass pyres, destroying the evidence of their crimes. The number of individual persons killed by the Einsatzgruppen has been estimated at a minimum of one million.
====Lvov pogrom====
[[File:360px-Lviv pogrom (June - July 1941).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Lvov pogrom, June-July 1941.]]
Germany invaded the [[Soviet Union]] on June 22, 1941, occupying Lvov within a week. The Germans claimed that the city's [[Jewish]] population had supported the Soviets. Ukrainian mobs went on a rampage against Jews.<ref>Kopstein writes: "On June 30, 1941, on the eighth day of [[operation Barbarossa]], the German invasion of the Soviet Union, a pogrom broke out in Lviv, the capital city of [[Eastern Galicia]]. Ukrainians, and to a lesser extent Poles, massacred their Jewish neighbors and fellow citizens. (…) For the next two days Lviv witnessed terrible anti-Jewish violence at the hands of the local Ukrainian population and the Ukrainian militia, and under the Nazis' approving eyes." Kopstein pp. 219-220.</ref> They stripped and beat Jewish women and men in the streets of Lvov. Ukrainian partisans supported by German authorities killed about 4,000 Jews in Lvov during this [[pogrom]].<ref>[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/film/pogrom-in-lvov POGROM IN LVOV (8mm film, 1:38 min)], US Holocaust Memorial Musuem.</ref>
Lvov was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht]] in the early hours of June 30, 1941; German forces consisted of the 1st Mountain Division and the [[Abwehr]]-subordinated [[Nachtigall Battalion]] staffed by ethnic Ukrainians.
According to [[Canadian]] historian John-Paul Himka at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Jews were not considered by the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) to be their primary enemies. This role was reserved for [[Pole]]s and [[Russian]]s.
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===Stage 5: 1942–1944===
===Stage 5: 1942–1944===