Changes

The glowing material the first responders reported may be some kind of molten natural material in the form of [[magma]] (underground molten rock) or [[lava]] (molten rock above ground). It would be correct to say that they likely saw something that reminded them of lava. It is unknown what [[ammunition]] can create this effect.

The glowing material the first responders reported may be some kind of molten natural material in the form of [[magma]] (underground molten rock) or [[lava]] (molten rock above ground). It would be correct to say that they likely saw something that reminded them of lava. It is unknown what [[ammunition]] can create this effect.

It is definitely not [[nuclear]] but rather [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic]], and many experts agree — kinetic [[warhead]]s made of a dense and very high-temperature resistant material. The next question is whether the projectile is purely inert (kinetic) or if some active component has been incorporated. Based on available information in the [[scientific]] domain, there are some merits to the argument that there may also be a unique explosive present, adding to the kinetic effect.

It is definitely not [[nuclear]] but rather [[Kinetic Energy|kinetic]], and many experts agree — [[Kenotic energy penetrator|kinetic warheads]] made of a dense and very high-temperature resistant material. The next question is whether the projectile is purely inert (kinetic) or if some active component has been incorporated. Based on available information in the [[scientific]] domain, there are some merits to the argument that there may also be a unique explosive present, adding to the kinetic effect.

A Russian source said that the surface temperature of the warhead is 4000 C, and to withstand this temperature, a special [[alloy]] or ceramic material was developed. The composition is top secret. It is known that Tantalum-Hafnium carbide or Hafnium carbonitride has a melting point of about 4000 C, but these materials are used just representative of the possibilities. Other components may be present if the warhead does not melt at 4000 C. Density is another unknown and can be easily higher than 16 g/cc. [[Depleted uranium]] would be the densest material available but it was definitely not used in Oreshnik.<ref>High density is necessary for deep penetration, and [[depleted uranium]] is among the most dense materials. However, its use would leave residual [[radiation]], so this idea is excluded from consideration.</ref> It may also be some alloy based on Wolfram ([[Tungsten]]) Vanadium base.<ref>[https://bmanalysis.substack.com/p/oreshnik-against-zelenskys-bunker Oreshnik Against Zelensky's Bunker [i] ], Mike Mihajlovic, Dec 18, 2024. bmanalysis.substack.com </ref>

A Russian source said that the surface temperature of the warhead is 4000 C, and to withstand this temperature, a special [[alloy]] or ceramic material was developed. The composition is top secret. It is known that Tantalum-Hafnium carbide or Hafnium carbonitride has a melting point of about 4000 C, but these materials are used just representative of the possibilities. Other components may be present if the warhead does not melt at 4000 C. Density is another unknown and can be easily higher than 16 g/cc. [[Depleted uranium]] would be the densest material available but it was definitely not used in Oreshnik.<ref>High density is necessary for deep penetration, and [[depleted uranium]] is among the most dense materials. However, its use would leave residual [[radiation]], so this idea is excluded from consideration.</ref> It may also be some alloy based on Wolfram ([[Tungsten]]) Vanadium base.<ref>[https://bmanalysis.substack.com/p/oreshnik-against-zelenskys-bunker Oreshnik Against Zelensky's Bunker [i] ], Mike Mihajlovic, Dec 18, 2024. bmanalysis.substack.com </ref>