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Line 40: − − == Identifying propaganda == − − The specific sayings or modes of presentation that constitute propaganda are legion. The common element in them is an appeal to ''emotion'' rather than to [[logic]]. Truth or fact, logically presented, might stir the emotions—but a presentation ''manifestly intended'' to stir the emotions demeans the information being presented. Of course, if the information is false to begin with, then propagandistic methods might be the only methods that would serve. − [[File:Ukrainian nazis.PNG|right|500px|thumb|More Nazi propaganda from [[NATO war in Ukraine]].]] − <blockquote>Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell.<br>Though all things foul would wear the look of grace,<br>Yet grace must still look so.</blockquote> − : ''[[Macbeth]]'' IV.iii. − − Propaganda typically takes any of these forms, or a combination of them: − − # Name calling. This is the crudest and least savory form of [[Logical fallacy#Argumentum ad hominem|argumentum ad hominem]]. It consists of labeling the other cause, or a generic or particular adherent of that cause, with a noun or adjective having a decidedly negative "buzz" or "charge." Name-calling is also a part of the [[Logical fallacy#Genetic fallacy|genetic fallacy]] of endorsing, or casting doubt upon, a proposition merely by calling attention to its source, when the nature of the source does not bear on the truth value of the propositions that come from that source. − # Half-truths, or lies of omission, in which facts which support the distributor are spread while deliberately neglecting facts which would pose difficulty. − # Testimonials. This is a form of [[Logical fallacy#Proof by authority|argumentum ab auctoritate]]. A "celebrity endorsement" is a prime example. So, too, is any speech or essay by one publicly celebrated as an athlete, actor in any form of [[theater]], or other such person, on a subject in which the author has no legitimate expertise. − # [[Loaded question]]s. − # Distortions of fact. − # Extreme pronouncements, which are a form of [[Logical fallacy#Overgeneralization|over-generalizations]]. − # Intimidation. This may include [[Logical fallacy#Proof by numbers|arguing from the numbers]] or reminding an opponent of the power of the particular individual or group engaging in the intimidation—or of an individual or group for which one claims to speak. − # Using abridged or out-of-context quotes to give a false impression, aka [[Quote mining]]. − # Sayings that, however factual, fall outside the scope or even off the topic at hand. A [[law]]yer would say that such facts are "incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial"—because they do not serve to advance a [[logic]]al argument, are not properly related to the case at hand, and do not matter. − # Outright lies. Dr. [[Josef Goebbels]], Minister of Propaganda for [[Adolf Hitler]], famously observed that if one tells a lie loudly enough and often enough, people will believe it rather than believe that anyone could lie so outrageously. − #Personal attacks. This method of propaganda often involves spreading malicious rumors and misinformation about other people. The goal of such attacks is to undermine the character of the person in order to gain the upper hand. Name-calling and intimidation are often used in concurrence with this. − − Sam Garrens<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEUstbsTJYYGq_uhWj3RASA/videos</ref> uses 8 identifiers to analyze statements which can stand alone or be used in combination with each other. Garrens claims once these methods are mastered, propaganda is forever easy to spot: − #Unrelated items − #Opinion leader or expert − #Missing context − #Obfuscation and simulation − #Gaslighting or assumed conclusions − #Shaming language and insults, using words that end in 'ist', 'ite', or 'phobe' augmented by 'gush' (or emotion) and outrage − #Lies and [[demonization]] − #Propaganda payload, the moral of the story − {{clear}} − === Book: Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media === − [[File:Fauci Film.JPG|right|300px|thumb|The ''[[Fauci]]'' film was not well received. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] refused to allow critical reviews.<ref>https://youtu.be/OBbEV8qP4fo</ref>]] − ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]: The Political Economy of the Mass Media'' is a 1988 book by Edward S. Herman and [[Noam Chomsky]]. The book advocates the position that the mass communication media of the United States "are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion", through propaganda and the censoring of dissenting viewpoints.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Herman|first1=Edward S.|last2=Chomsky|first2=Noam|title=Manufacturing Consent|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|page=306}}</ref> The title refers to consent of the governed, and is derived from the phrase "the manufacture of consent" used by the American writer, reporter and political commentator [[Walter Lippmann]] in ''Public Opinion'' (1922).<ref>p. xi, ''Manufacturing Consent''. Also, p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> The book was given the [[George Orwell|Orwell]] Award. − − Subsequent to the books publication Chomsky does talk censorship in the corporate media (Firing or non-promotion of journalists taking opposing viewpoints, corporate advertisers having influence of news content, corporate publishers discriminating against various viewpoints, etc.). − {{clear}} − − ===The role of 'fact checkers' and information experts=== − Stavroula Pabst, a writer in [[Greece]], published an article on the nefarious purpose of fact-checking and 'disinformation' debunking. The piece explains this by going back to the writings of the French philosopher Guy Debord and his musings about 'spectacles'.<ref>[https://libya360.wordpress.com/2023/01/03/guy-debords-warning-of-the-role-of-the-expert-a-philosophical-perspective-on-the-rise-of-fact-checking/ Guy Debord’s Warning of “The Role of the Expert”: A Philosophical Perspective on the Rise of Fact-Checking], Stavroula Pabst, JANUARY 3, 2023.</ref> − {{Quotebox-float|"While anti-disinformation efforts proliferate, what’s missing from the conversation is a discussion about power. Of course, the powerful have reasons for wanting to combat what they consider to be “disinformation” — they want their version of the [[truth]] to become ours. Many commentators observe as such, noting that so-called disinformation researchers, fact-checkers, and experts are often [[partisan]] in nature, and themselves frequently disseminate things that are not true."}} − [[File:Reuters Izium fake news.jpg|right|300px|thumb|[[Reuters]] withdrew the initial attempt by the Zelensky regime to create another false narrative about alleged Russian massacres.<ref>https://www.moonofalabama.org/2022/09/ukraine-dissecting-some-war-propaganda-news-items-addendum.html</ref>]] − [[Glenn Greenwald]] commented, basically, anyone calling themselves a “misinformation expert” or “disinformation reporter” is a partisan [[fraud]], trying to make their [[activism]] seem [[scientific]]. − {{quotebox-float|"But a larger force is at work within the rise of fact-checking and other counter-disinformation efforts. That force is our society’s current arrangement of appearances, the totality of social relations mediated by images, or spectacle. Spectacle, as elucidated in Debord’s ''The Society of the Spectacle'', is a concept that can help us to understand seemingly unconnected, yet deeply intertwined phenomena that have come to fruition as the [[economy]] has subjugated [[society]] to its needs (as opposed to the other way around), and thus recover our ability to experience life directly. − − "As its dominance over our everyday lives grows complete, the spectacle has become powerful enough to turn our understanding of what is [[true]] upside down. Because spectacle replaces real life with a mere mediated representation of life that cannot be experienced directly, it provides a framework where mass deceptions and [[lie]]s can consistently and convincingly appear as true. Thus, spectacle is perhaps one of the most effective tools we have to explain how [[elitism|elite]] deceptions, including fabrications and lies about [[imperialist]] [[war]]s like those in [[Iraq war|Iraq]] and [[Syrian war|Syria]], can consistently go unpunished and even unnoticed. As such, it follows that spectacle can help us understand how modern fact-checks and counter-disinformation initiatives can consistently do the opposite of what they claim, as many have observed."}}
→Identifying propaganda
[[Theater]] has been an instrument of propaganda since before such things as current-events organs existed. Significantly, however, whenever theater has lent itself to propaganda, it has tended to demean itself. Even [[William Shakespeare]] was not immune to this - certain of his Histories, especially ''Richard the Third'' acted as propaganda for the ruling [[Tudor]] dynasty whose founder, [[Henry VII]], had defeated [[Richard III]] to become king.
[[Theater]] has been an instrument of propaganda since before such things as current-events organs existed. Significantly, however, whenever theater has lent itself to propaganda, it has tended to demean itself. Even [[William Shakespeare]] was not immune to this - certain of his Histories, especially ''Richard the Third'' acted as propaganda for the ruling [[Tudor]] dynasty whose founder, [[Henry VII]], had defeated [[Richard III]] to become king.
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== Counter-propaganda ==
== Counter-propaganda ==