Changes

:"Both [[liberal]]s and [[conservative]]s accuse their political opponents of partisan bias, but is there empirical evidence that one side of the political aisle is indeed more biased than the other? To address this question, we meta-analyzed the results of 51 experimental studies, involving over 18,000 participants, that examined one form of partisan bias—the tendency to evaluate otherwise identical information more favorably when it supports one’s political beliefs or allegiances than when it challenges those beliefs or allegiances. Two hypotheses based on previous literature were tested: an asymmetry hypothesis (predicting greater partisan bias in conservatives than in liberals) and a symmetry hypothesis (predicting equal levels of partisan bias in liberals and conservatives). Mean overall partisan bias was robust (r = .245), and there was strong support for the symmetry hypothesis: Liberals (r = .235) and conservatives (r = .255) showed no difference in mean levels of bias across studies. Moderator analyses reveal this pattern to be consistent across a number of different methodological variations and political topics. Implications of the current findings for the ongoing ideological symmetry debate and the role of partisan bias in scientific discourse and political conflict are discussed."<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691617746796 Comparison of Partisan Bias in Liberals and Conservatives] by Peter H. Ditto, Brittany S. Liu, Cory J. Clark, Sean P. Wojcik, Eric E. Chen, Rebecca H. Grady, Jared B. Celniker, and Joanne F. Zinger, ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'', May 31, 2018</ref>

:"Both [[liberal]]s and [[conservative]]s accuse their political opponents of partisan bias, but is there empirical evidence that one side of the political aisle is indeed more biased than the other? To address this question, we meta-analyzed the results of 51 experimental studies, involving over 18,000 participants, that examined one form of partisan bias—the tendency to evaluate otherwise identical information more favorably when it supports one’s political beliefs or allegiances than when it challenges those beliefs or allegiances. Two hypotheses based on previous literature were tested: an asymmetry hypothesis (predicting greater partisan bias in conservatives than in liberals) and a symmetry hypothesis (predicting equal levels of partisan bias in liberals and conservatives). Mean overall partisan bias was robust (r = .245), and there was strong support for the symmetry hypothesis: Liberals (r = .235) and conservatives (r = .255) showed no difference in mean levels of bias across studies. Moderator analyses reveal this pattern to be consistent across a number of different methodological variations and political topics. Implications of the current findings for the ongoing ideological symmetry debate and the role of partisan bias in scientific discourse and political conflict are discussed."<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691617746796 Comparison of Partisan Bias in Liberals and Conservatives] by Peter H. Ditto, Brittany S. Liu, Cory J. Clark, Sean P. Wojcik, Eric E. Chen, Rebecca H. Grady, Jared B. Celniker, and Joanne F. Zinger, ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'', May 31, 2018</ref>

Arthur C. Brooks wrote in his article ''Reading Too Much Political News Is Bad for Your Well-Being'': "A 2012 survey conducted by Fairleigh Dickinson University asked a sample of Americans about their news-consumption habits, and quizzed them about U.S. and international political and economic events. They found that those watching the most partisan television news sources—on both the [[leftism|left]] and the [[right-wing|right]]—were often less knowledgeable about world events than those who consumed no news at all."<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/10/reading-too-much-political-news-bad-happiness/616651/ Reading Too Much Political News Is Bad for Your Well-Being] by Arthur C. Brooks, The Atlantic, 2020</ref>

Arthur C. Brooks wrote in his article ''Reading Too Much Political News Is Bad for Your Well-Being'': "A 2012 survey conducted by Fairleigh Dickinson University asked a sample of Americans about their news-consumption habits, and quizzed them about U.S. and international political and economic events. They found that those watching the most partisan television news sources—on both the [[leftism|left]] and the [[right-wing|right]]—were often less knowledgeable about world events than those who consumed no news at all."<nowiki>[https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/10/reading-too-much-political-news-bad-happiness/616651/ Reading Too Much Political News Is Bad for Your Well-Being] by Arthur C. Brooks, The Atlantic, 2020</nowiki>

*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963721418817755 Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies]

*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963721418817755 Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies]