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Hip Hop is a style of African American music in which African Americans chant over beats. It originated in the 70's in the South Bronx. Originally DJ's would loop a specific cut from popular funk or disco songs known as break beats. Eventually African American MCs would talk over the beats, mostly regarding the incredible skills of the DJ. This evoloved into the MCs talking about themselves and the amount of power money and sexual prowess they possessed.
{{Merge|Hip hop culture|Talk:Hip_hop#disambiguation|date=June 2007}}
{{Merge|Hip hop music|Talk:Hip_hop#MERGE|date=June 2007}}
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'''Hip hop''' (also spelled '''hip-hop''' or '''hiphop''') is both a [[music genre]] and a [[cultural movement]] developed in New York starting in the 1970s, predominantly by [[African American]]s and Latinos.<ref>http://www.thenext.org.nz/the_resource/history_of_hiphop.php</ref>
Since first emerging in [[New York City]] in the 1970s, hip hop has grown to encompass an entire lifestyle that consistently incorporates diverse elements of [[ethnicity]], [[technology]], [[art]] and [[urban culture|urban life]]. There are four fundamental elements in hip hop:
[[Image:Graffiti stylaz.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Examples of graffiti styles.]]
*[[Hip hop dance]]: [[Breakdance]] and various forms of [[street dance]];
*[[Hip hop art]]: Urban inspired art, often as [[graffiti]];
*[[Hip hop music]]: [[Disc jockey|DJing]], [[Beats (music)|beats]] and beatmaking, and [[hip hop production]];
*[[Rapping]]: [[Master of Ceremonies|MCing]] and urban inspired poetry.
== History of Hip hop==
{{main|History of hip hop music}}
===Hip hop music and DJing===
During the early 70s, Clive Campbell, a Jamaican DJ who went by the name "[[Kool Herc]]," arrived in New York City. Herc introduced the Jamaican tradition of "toasting," or boasting impromptu poetry and sayings over [[Reggae]], [[Disco]] and [[Funk]] records, during parties in the [[Bronx, New York]]. Herc also was the originator of [[break (music)|break-beat]] [[DJ|deejay]]ing, where the breaks of [[funk]] songs—being the most danceable part, often featuring [[percussion instrument|percussion]]—were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties. Later DJs such as [[DJ Grandmaster Flash|Grandmaster Flash]] refined and developed the use of breakbeats, including [[cutting (music)|cutting]].
Herc's idea was soon widely copied, and by the late 70's a myriad of DJ's were releasing 12" cuts where they would rap to the beat. Popular tunes included [[Kurtis Blow]]'s ''[[The Breaks]]'', and The [[Sugar Hill Gang]]'s ''[[Rapper's Delight]].''
===Evolution of the MC===
Rapping then developed as MCs would talk over the music to promote their DJ, promote other dance parties, or take light-hearted jabs at other lyricists. This soon developed into the rapping that appears on earlier basic hip-hop singles, with MCs talking about problems in their areas and issues facing the community as a whole. [[Melle Mel]], a rapper/lyricist with The [[Furious Five]] is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an "MC."<ref>[http://www.allhiphop.com/features/?ID=1686 article about Mele Mel (Melle Mel) at AllHipHop.com]
</ref>
By the late 1970s myriad DJs were releasing 12" cuts where MCs would rap to crowd-moving beats. Popular tunes included [[Grandmaster Flash]] & The Furious Five's "Supperrappin'," [[Kurtis Blow]]'s "[[The Breaks]]," and [[The Sugar Hill Gang]]'s "[[Rapper's Delight]]". In 1982, Melle Mel and Duke Bootee recorded "The Message" (officially credited to Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five), a song that foreshadowed socially conscious hip hop.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
===Origin of the term "Hip Hop"===
Coinage of the term ''hip hop'' is often credited to Keith Cowboy, a [[Rapping|rapper]] with [[Grandmaster Flash]] & the Furious Five. Though [[Lovebug Starski]], Keith Cowboy, and [[DJ Hollywood]] used the term when the music was known as ''[[disco]] rap'', it is believed that Cowboy created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the US Army, by [[scat singing]] the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the [[rhythm]]ic cadence of marching soldiers.<ref name="furious5">http://web.archive.org/web/20060317071002/http://www.furious5.net/cowboy.htm</ref> Cowboy later worked the "hip hop" cadence into a part of his stage performance, which was quickly copied by other artists; for example the opening of the song "[[Rapper's Delight]]" by [[The Sugarhill Gang]].<ref name="furious5"/> Former [[Black Spades]] gang member [[Afrika Bambaataa]] is credited with first using the term to describe the [[subculture]] that hip hop music belongs to, although it is also suggested that the term was originally derisively used against the new type of music.<ref>[http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:nmWYaxJvswsJ:www.zulunation.com/hip_hop_history_2.htm+%22keith+cowboy%22+%22hip+hop%22+military&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 http://www.zulunation.com/hip_hop_history2.htm] (cached) </ref>
===Hip Hop Embraces Technology===
Hip hop as a culture was further defined in 1983, when [[Afrika Bambaataa]] and the Soulsonic Force released a track called "[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]." Instead of simply rapping over disco beats, Bambaataa created an innovative electronic sound, taking advantage of the rapidly improving drum machine and [[synthesizer]] technology. The accompanying [[music video]] for [[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]] showcased a unique subculture of musicians, graffiti artists and breakdancers, at times performing seemingly impossible feats. The release of Planet Rock, along with the film [[Wild Style]] and the documentay [[Style Wars]] (both also appearing in 1983), increased the multicultural appeal of Hip hop beyond the boundaries of New York. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
By 1985, youth worldwide were laying down scrap [[linoleum]] or cardboard, setting down portable stereo and spinning on their backs in tracksuits and sneakers to music by [[Run DMC]], [[LL Cool J]], the [[Fat Boys]], [[Herbie Hancock]], Soulsonic Force, [[Jazzy Jay]], Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde, and [[Stetsasonic]], to name a few. The Hip hop artwork and "slang" of US urban communities quickly found its way to Europe and Asia, as the culture's global appeal took root.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
== Legacy ==
[[Image:Thai_Breakdancers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Breakdance]], an early form of [[hip hop dance]], often involve [[battle (dance)|battles]], showing off skills without any physical contact with the adversaries.]]
Early hip hop has often been credited with helping to reduce inner-city gang violence by replacing physical violence with hip hop battles of dance and artwork. However, with the emergence of commercial and crime-related rap during the early 1990s, an emphasis on violence was incorporated, with many rappers boasting about drugs, weapons, misogyny, and violence. While hip hop music now appeals to a broader demographic, media critics argue that socially and politically conscious hip hop has long been disregarded by mainstream America in favor of its media-baiting sibling, [[gangsta rap]].<ref name="Media coverage of the Hip-Hop Culture By Brendan Butler, Ethics In Journalism, Miami University Department of English">http://www.cas.muohio.edu/eng421/cases/butler1.html</ref>
Many artists are now considered to be [[alternative hip hop|alternative/underground hip hop]] when they attempt to reflect what they believe to be the original elements of the culture. Artists/groups such as [[Talib Kweli]], [[Mos Def]], [[Dilated Peoples]], [[Dead Prez]], [[Blackalicious]], and [[Jurassic 5]] may emphasize messages of verbal skill, unity, or [[activism]] instead of messages of violence, material wealth, and [[misogyny]].
Though born in the United States, the reach of hip hop is global. Youth culture and opinion is meted out in both [[Israeli hip hop]] and [[Palestinian hip hop]], while [[French hip hop|France]], [[German hip hop|Germany]], [[British hip hop|the U.K.]], [[African hip hop|Africa]] and the [[Songo-salsa|Caribbean]] have long-established hip hop followings. According to the U.S. Department of State, hip hop is "now the center of a mega music and fashion industry around the world," that crosses social barriers and cuts across racial lines.<ref name="Hip-Hop Culture Crosses Social Barriers">http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2006/May/12-522164.html</ref> [[National Geographic]] recognizes hip hop as "the world's favorite youth culture" in which "just about every country on the planet seems to have developed its own local rap scene."<ref name="Hip Hop Overview">http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/hip_hop_730</ref>
==See also==
* [[Beats (music)]]
* [[Hip hop culture]]
* [[Hip hop dance]]
* [[Hip hop production]]
* [[Hip hop fashion]]
* [[Hip hop theatre]]
* [[Old school hip hop]]
* [[Rhythm]]
* [[Hip Hop Music]]
* [[Hardcore hip hop]]
* [[Dancehall]]
{{Hip hop portal}}
{{hiphop}}
==References==
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