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Sunderland is home to a university, the football team [[Sunderland A.F.C.]], and the National Centre for Glass. This last is in recognition of Sunderland's long history of glass manufacture.
Sunderland is home to a university, the football team [[Sunderland A.F.C.]], and the National Centre for Glass. This last is in recognition of Sunderland's long history of glass manufacture.
The Sunderland area has a strong [[ecclesiastical]] history, with part of St Peter's Church in Monkwearmouth dating from a 7th century monastery. Glass-making in the local area also dates from around this time.
The Sunderland area has a strong [[ecclesiastical]] history, with part of St Peter's Church in Monkwearmouth dating from a 7th century monastery. Glass-making in the local area also dates from around this time. Sunderland was also a centre for Parliamentarianism in the 17th century during the [[English Civil War]].
== Mackems ==
== Mackems ==
A person from Sunderland is known by the demonym ''mackem'', which is believed to stem from the phrase "Mak ‘em and Tak’em" (the local pronunciation of "make them, take them").
A person from Sunderland is known by the demonym ''mackem'', which is believed to stem from the phrase "Mak ‘em and Tak’em" (the local pronunciation of "make them, take them").
==History==
Sunderland is known for its rivalry with [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], which lies 12 miles to the north-west in Northumberland; in the 20th and 21st centuries, this most prominently manifests itself in a footballing rivalry but is actually rooted in the [[English Civil War]] (1642-1651).<ref>[https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/23609555.sunderland-newcastle-rivalry-dates-back-civil-war/ Sunderland and Newcastle rivalry dates back to Civil War] </ref> [[John Lilburne]] (1614-1657) was born in Sunderland and had been a close associate of [[Oliver Cromwell]], being a lieutenant colonel to the Parliamentarians. Sunderland was Newcastle's biggest emerging local economic rival at the time, after previous attempts to establish regional ports were threatened by intimidating Newcastle merchants, with Newcastle holding a royal charter restricting coal shipments from nearby ports. Newcastle was staunchly Royalist at the time but there was significant pro-Parliamentarian sentiment in Sunderland. John Lilburne's uncle, George Lilburne, had suggested Sunderland support the Parliamentarians and the civil war created an opportunity for Sunderland to challenge Newcastle's regional supremacy. In 1642, Sunderland received a garrison of Scottish soldiers, Covenanters, who supported the Parliamentarian side and they set up camp at Bishopwearmouth. Sunderland became a base for Parliamentarian military offensives in north-eastern England, of which one of the most significant was the 1644 siege of Newcastle. The Battle of Boldon Hill between the Parliamentarians and Sunderland Royalists took place to the north-west of Sunderland.
== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==