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→History
==History==
==History==
The earliest records of a permanent settlement at Sunderland are from the 7th century when the area was part of the kingdom of [[Northumbria]]. Benedict Biscop in 674 obtained from Ecgfrith king of Northumbria 70 hides of land on the north bank of the river (present-day Monkwearmouth), on which he founded the Benedictine monastery of St Peter. Part of the Monastery survives today as St Peter's Church. Later, Benedict acquired 3 hides on the south of the river,<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sunderland 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sunderland]</ref> and the land "asunder" from the monastery may have given rise to the name Sunderland. The [[Venerable Bede]] in his Ecclesiastic History (731 AD), wrote that he was born "in territorio eiusdemmonasterii", which was translated in the 10th century during the reign of [[Alfred the Great]] as "on sundurlonde thaes ylcan mynstres"; or "in the sunderland of this same monastery".<ref>[https://www.proquest.com/openview/8d24faf2c2dc438b/1?cbl=1651&pq-origsite=gscholar The Birthplace of Bede.]</ref>
Sunderland is known for its rivalry with [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], which lies 12 miles to the north-west in Northumberland; in the 20th and 21st centuries, this most prominently manifests itself in a footballing rivalry but is actually rooted in the [[English Civil War]] (1642-1651).<ref>[https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/23609555.sunderland-newcastle-rivalry-dates-back-civil-war/ Sunderland and Newcastle rivalry dates back to Civil War] </ref> [[John Lilburne]] (1614-1657) was born in Sunderland and had been a close associate of [[Oliver Cromwell]], being a lieutenant colonel to the Parliamentarians. Sunderland was Newcastle's biggest emerging local economic rival at the time, after previous attempts to establish regional ports were threatened by intimidating Newcastle merchants, with Newcastle holding a royal charter restricting coal shipments from nearby ports. Newcastle was staunchly Royalist at the time but there was significant pro-Parliamentarian sentiment in Sunderland. John Lilburne's uncle, George Lilburne, had suggested Sunderland support the Parliamentarians and the civil war created an opportunity for Sunderland to challenge Newcastle's regional supremacy. In 1642, Sunderland received a garrison of Scottish soldiers, Covenanters, who supported the Parliamentarian side and they set up camp at Bishopwearmouth. Sunderland became a base for Parliamentarian military offensives in north-eastern England, of which one of the most significant was the 1644 siege of Newcastle. The Battle of Boldon Hill between the Parliamentarians and Sunderland Royalists took place to the north-west of Sunderland.
Sunderland is known for its rivalry with [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], which lies 12 miles to the north-west in Northumberland; in the 20th and 21st centuries, this most prominently manifests itself in a footballing rivalry but is actually rooted in the [[English Civil War]] (1642-1651).<ref>[https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/23609555.sunderland-newcastle-rivalry-dates-back-civil-war/ Sunderland and Newcastle rivalry dates back to Civil War] </ref> [[John Lilburne]] (1614-1657) was born in Sunderland and had been a close associate of [[Oliver Cromwell]], being a lieutenant colonel to the Parliamentarians. Sunderland was Newcastle's biggest emerging local economic rival at the time, after previous attempts to establish regional ports were threatened by intimidating Newcastle merchants, with Newcastle holding a royal charter restricting coal shipments from nearby ports. Newcastle was staunchly Royalist at the time but there was significant pro-Parliamentarian sentiment in Sunderland. John Lilburne's uncle, George Lilburne, had suggested Sunderland support the Parliamentarians and the civil war created an opportunity for Sunderland to challenge Newcastle's regional supremacy. In 1642, Sunderland received a garrison of Scottish soldiers, Covenanters, who supported the Parliamentarian side and they set up camp at Bishopwearmouth. Sunderland became a base for Parliamentarian military offensives in north-eastern England, of which one of the most significant was the 1644 siege of Newcastle. The Battle of Boldon Hill between the Parliamentarians and Sunderland Royalists took place to the north-west of Sunderland.