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There was an Iron Age hill fort at present-day Wincobank, a suburb of Sheffield, thought to have been occupied around 500 BC.  

There was an Iron Age hill fort at present-day Wincobank, a suburb of Sheffield, thought to have been occupied around 500 BC.  

Following the establishment of the kingdom of [[Deira]] (approximately covering the same area as the present [[East Riding of Yorkshire]]) in c. 450 AD following the arrival of Germanic speakers from the continent, the Sheffield area may have maintained a Celtic presence in the face of the [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Sheffield might have been the southernmost part of the Brittonic Celtic kingdom [[Elmet]], at the frontier with the Anglian kingdom of Mercia (established c. 530 AD).<ref>[https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet]</ref> [[Ecclesfield]], which lies 4 miles north of Sheffield city centre, may have been the centre of a Celtic district when Anglo-Saxon pagans settled in the area; its name indicates Welsh ''eglwys'', from Latin ''ecclesia'' ("church").<ref>[https://ecclesfield-district-archives.com/history A Short History of Ecclesfield Civil Parish]</ref>

Following the establishment of the kingdom of [[Deira]] (approximately covering the same area as the present [[East Riding of Yorkshire]]) in c. 450 AD following the arrival of Germanic speakers from the continent, the Sheffield area may have maintained a Celtic presence in the face of the [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Sheffield might have been the southernmost part of the Brittonic Celtic kingdom [[Elmet]], at the frontier with the Anglian kingdom of Mercia (established c. 530 AD).<ref>[https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet]</ref> [[Ecclesfield]], which lies 4 miles north of Sheffield city centre, may have been the centre of a Celtic district when Anglo-Saxon pagans settled in the area; its name indicates Welsh ''eglwys'', from Latin ''ecclesia'' ("church").<ref>[https://ecclesfield-district-archives.com/history A Short History of Ecclesfield Civil Parish]</ref> Further evidence for a continued Celtic presence in the Sheffield area is the place-name ''[[Wales, Yorkshire|Wales]]'', which is transparently from Germanic ''Walha'' ("foreigner") a term used by Anglo-Saxons to refer to native Celtic Britons; it is also the root of the country-name [[Wales]], whose Welsh language is descended from the [[Common Brittonic]] spoken throughout Britain before Old English arrived.

By c. 700 AD, present-day Sheffield city centre formed part of the Anglian kingdom of [[Northumbria]]. It was close to the kingdom's southern border with [[Mercia]], with evidence for the border being found in the local place-name [[Dore, Derbyshire|Dore]] which is from Old English ''dor'', the ancestor of present-day English ''door'', indicating a pass between the two kingdoms.<ref>Vickers, J. Edward MBE (1999). Dore. In ''Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany'' (2nd ed.), pp64–71. Sheffield: The Hallamshire Press Limited. {{ISBN|1-874718-44-X}}</ref> Further toponymic evidence for the border in southern Sheffield includes the name of the Limb Brook, which appears to be from a derivative of [[Latin]] ''limes'', the ancestor of the English word ''limit''. The place-name ''Whirlow'' means "boundary mound".<ref name="david hey">''"Historic Hallamshire"'', David Hey, Landmark Publishing Ltd. {{ISBN|1 84306 049 3}}, Page 11, Name meaning.</ref> The Northumbria-Mercia boundary would latterly form the boundaries of the traditional counties [[Yorkshire]] and [[Derbyshire]] and the ecclesiastical provinces of York and Canterbury.

By c. 700 AD, present-day Sheffield city centre formed part of the Anglian kingdom of [[Northumbria]]. It was close to the kingdom's southern border with [[Mercia]], with evidence for the border being found in the local place-name [[Dore, Derbyshire|Dore]] which is from Old English ''dor'', the ancestor of present-day English ''door'', indicating a pass between the two kingdoms.<ref>Vickers, J. Edward MBE (1999). Dore. In ''Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany'' (2nd ed.), pp64–71. Sheffield: The Hallamshire Press Limited. {{ISBN|1-874718-44-X}}</ref> Further toponymic evidence for the border in southern Sheffield includes the name of the Limb Brook, which appears to be from a derivative of [[Latin]] ''limes'', the ancestor of the English word ''limit''. The place-name ''Whirlow'' means "boundary mound".<ref name="david hey">''"Historic Hallamshire"'', David Hey, Landmark Publishing Ltd. {{ISBN|1 84306 049 3}}, Page 11, Name meaning.</ref> The Northumbria-Mercia boundary would latterly form the boundaries of the traditional counties [[Yorkshire]] and [[Derbyshire]] and the ecclesiastical provinces of York and Canterbury.