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→Ukraine
===Ukraine===
===Ukraine===
{{See also|NATO war in Ukraine}}
{{See also|NATO war in Ukraine}}
===1992 - 1999===
In March 1992, [[Ukraine]] formally established relations with [[NATO]] by joining the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC). In 1993, Ukraine began its [[military]] cooperation with the [[United States]] and NATO. The most significant development in 1993 was the initiation of the U.S.-Ukraine State Partnership Program (SPP), established between the [[California]] [[National Guard]] and Ukraine. This program laid the groundwork for ongoing joint training, military exchanges, and exercises. The NACC's activities paved the way for the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 1994.
In March 1992, [[Ukraine]] formally established relations with [[NATO]] by joining the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC). In 1993, Ukraine began its [[military]] cooperation with the [[United States]] and NATO. The most significant development in 1993 was the initiation of the U.S.-Ukraine State Partnership Program (SPP), established between the [[California]] [[National Guard]] and Ukraine. This program laid the groundwork for ongoing joint training, military exchanges, and exercises. The NACC's activities paved the way for the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 1994.
In 1999 Peace Shield 99 (May 1999), Cooperative Partner 99 (June–July 1999), Sea Breeze 99 (July–August 1999), Cossack Express-99 (September 1999), Cossack Steppe-99 and Black Sea Partnership-99 were held, designed to train and equip the Ukrainian military to fight Russia.
In 1999 Peace Shield 99 (May 1999), Cooperative Partner 99 (June–July 1999), Sea Breeze 99 (July–August 1999), Cossack Express-99 (September 1999), Cossack Steppe-99 and Black Sea Partnership-99 were held, designed to train and equip the Ukrainian military to fight Russia.
===2000 - 2009===
The decade of 2000 marked the start of Ukraine becoming a ''de facto'' member of NATO. It not only participated in all of the main exercises, but it hosted many. In fact, between 2000 and 2010, Ukraine is ranked in the top six of countries that hosted a NATO or USEUCOM exercise. Ukraine and the Republic of Georgia, who was ranked number seven, were not NATO members. Two non-NATO countries hosted more NATO exercises than 22 of the member nations. Only two things distinguished Ukraine from NATO members — it did not have a financial obligation to contribute to NATO and it was not covered by Article 5. Other than that, Ukraine was operating as a de facto member of NATO by 2010. Project Ukraine was not confined to military cooperation alone. US and [[UK]] [[intelligence organization]]s were actively involved in Ukraine and were coordinating operations and activities with both NATO and EUCOM. The [[CIA]], for example, has intelligence officers assigned to NATO and USEUCOM headquarters. Their job is to brief senior leaders on CIA operations and coordinate activities to ensure no wires get crossed. During the period between 2000 and 2010, the [[US government]], with [[collaboration]] from the UK, was working intently to split Ukraine away from Russia's sphere of influence and capture it for [[the West]].
The decade of 2000 marked the start of Ukraine becoming a ''de facto'' member of NATO. It not only participated in all of the main exercises, but it hosted many. In fact, between 2000 and 2010, Ukraine is ranked in the top six of countries that hosted a NATO or USEUCOM exercise. Ukraine and the Republic of Georgia, who was ranked number seven, were not NATO members. Two non-NATO countries hosted more NATO exercises than 22 of the member nations. Only two things distinguished Ukraine from NATO members — it did not have a financial obligation to contribute to NATO and it was not covered by Article 5. Other than that, Ukraine was operating as a de facto member of NATO by 2010. Project Ukraine was not confined to military cooperation alone. US and [[UK]] [[intelligence organization]]s were actively involved in Ukraine and were coordinating operations and activities with both NATO and EUCOM. The [[CIA]], for example, has intelligence officers assigned to NATO and USEUCOM headquarters. Their job is to brief senior leaders on CIA operations and coordinate activities to ensure no wires get crossed. During the period between 2000 and 2010, the [[US government]], with [[collaboration]] from the UK, was working intently to split Ukraine away from Russia's sphere of influence and capture it for [[the West]].
2010 was part of Ukraine’s pro-NATO phase under President [[Viktor Yanukovych]], who initially continued military cooperation, despite later rejecting NATO membership (2010–2014). The Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers approved an action plan in June 2010 for annual cooperation with NATO, which included participation in NATO-led peacekeeping missions, joint exercises, and training of Ukrainian troops within NATO structures. Ukraine participated in NATO's Operation Active Endeavour, a counter-terrorist maritime surveillance operation in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Ukraine deployed ships to support this operation six times between 2007 and 2010, including in 2010. The State Partnership Program (SPP) between Ukraine and the U.S. National Guard (California) continued, including joint training events.
2010 was part of Ukraine’s pro-NATO phase under President [[Viktor Yanukovych]], who initially continued military cooperation, despite later rejecting NATO membership (2010–2014). The Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers approved an action plan in June 2010 for annual cooperation with NATO, which included participation in NATO-led peacekeeping missions, joint exercises, and training of Ukrainian troops within NATO structures. Ukraine participated in NATO's Operation Active Endeavour, a counter-terrorist maritime surveillance operation in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Ukraine deployed ships to support this operation six times between 2007 and 2010, including in 2010. The State Partnership Program (SPP) between Ukraine and the U.S. National Guard (California) continued, including joint training events.
===2010 - 2025===
The ten-year period — 2011 -2021 — marked a dramatic surge in the size of the Ukrainian military. Although the number of active duty soldiers stabilized at 200,000 starting in 2018, the Ukrainian reserves grew by a factor of 10. These reserves were made possible by Ukraine’s annual military training with NATO and USEUCOM forces. The stage was set for going to war with Russia.
In 2010, the size of the Ukrainian army (Armed Forces of Ukraine) was approximately 245,000 personnel. This figure reflects the continued downsizing and restructuring that followed Ukraine’s independence, as the government reduced the military from its Soviet-era levels. By the end of 2013, the number had dropped further to around 165,500 total personnel, including about 120,900 active military members, highlighting the significant decline during this period.
In 2010, the size of the Ukrainian army reserves was very limited. According to official plans, Ukraine aimed to have 6,300 reservists in 2010, but by the end of that year, only 1,681 reservists were actually in place-just 27% of the planned number. This reflects the fact that, at the time, Ukraine did not maintain a large, well-trained reserve force, and the system for professional reservists was still being developed.
By January 2022, just before the full-scale Russian invasion, a dramatic transformation had taken place. The Ukrainian Armed Forces had an estimated active personnel strength of approximately 200,000 to 250,000, but its pool of reservists had surged to 900,000.
The International Peacekeeping and Security Center (IPSC) in Yavoriv, Ukraine, which was established in 2007, gained importance during the decade starting in 2011. It was created to serve as a major training facility for Ukrainian and international military units, supporting multinational exercises and peacekeeping training. The IPSC remained a central hub for joint training activities, including large annual exercises such as Rapid Trident, until Russia attacked it with a missile on March 13, 2022.
The annual military exercise in the Black Sea, i.e., SEA BREEZE, shifted in 2017 from maritime security, anti-piracy, and naval interoperability objectives to amphibious warfare and anti-submarine warfare. NATO could no longer pretend that it was just a defensive organization. Amphibious and anti-submarine warfare are offensive operations.
{{Anchor|NATO aggression against Serbia}}
{{Anchor|NATO aggression against Serbia}}