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mLine 159:
Line 159: − − ==Africa campaign== − {{See also|Battle of El Alamein|Italy in World_War II#North_Africa}} − The Battle of El Alamein took place in the North African desert in [[Egypt]] in October–November 1942. British and Commonwealth forces led by [[Bernard Law Montgomery|General B. L. Montgomery]] ('Monty' to the troops) attacked and overwhelmed a German–Italian force led by Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]]. Following the victorious outcome of the battle, the Allied forces chased the Germans westwards across [[North Africa]] to [[Tunisia]], where, in concert with an American army which had landed in North Africa in [[Operation Torch]], the [[Axis]] forces were driven out of Africa. − − Alamein was also significant in raising morale in Britain, as it was the first significant land victory over German forces by the British Army. Churchill remarked that "before Alamein, we never had a victory; after Alamein, we never had a defeat." This was not entirely accurate, but did pinpoint the battle as a turning point in British conduct of the war, which had hitherto seen a series of defeats against Germany (Dunkirk, Greece, Crete, the Desert). − − The Battle also cemented the reputation of Montgomery as a victorious general. He was a cautious commander, and carefully built up a great superiority in arms, equipment and men, before launching his attack. Criticized by some for over‐caution in action, and over‐exuberance, not to say arrogance, in his dealings with other generals and politicians, his care for the welfare of his men made him a popular leader.
→Africa campaign
It is generally recognized that by the time of the defeat at Stalingrad, the Germans had “lost” the war, and so the battles and campaigns that occurred in the closing phase of the war (in particular 1944 and 1945) do not enjoy significant name recognition in Western histories of the war. The inevitability of German defeat was certainly a reality, but the war was anything but over. In fact, 1944 and 1945 formed the bloodiest and most cataclysmic years of the war by far. The Wehrmacht was losing the war, but it still maintained millions of men in the field, and it increasingly propped itself up by mobilizing volunteers from all nations of Europe. There was not a single soldier on the continent who could be certain that he would personally survive, and in that sense the world still hung in the balance for every man. In its dying death rage the Wehrmacht would both kill and die in astonishing numbers.
It is generally recognized that by the time of the defeat at Stalingrad, the Germans had “lost” the war, and so the battles and campaigns that occurred in the closing phase of the war (in particular 1944 and 1945) do not enjoy significant name recognition in Western histories of the war. The inevitability of German defeat was certainly a reality, but the war was anything but over. In fact, 1944 and 1945 formed the bloodiest and most cataclysmic years of the war by far. The Wehrmacht was losing the war, but it still maintained millions of men in the field, and it increasingly propped itself up by mobilizing volunteers from all nations of Europe. There was not a single soldier on the continent who could be certain that he would personally survive, and in that sense the world still hung in the balance for every man. In its dying death rage the Wehrmacht would both kill and die in astonishing numbers.
==Middle East==
==Middle East==