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The concept of '''Mitteleuropa''' was used by Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919, [[evangelical]] [[theologian]]-[[politician]]) in one of the first detailed explanations of this term. According to Naumann, a cooperative [[economic]] and [[cultural]] unity between [[Second Reich|Germany]]-[[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Republic of Poland|Poland]] would be established, along with close [[commercial]] ties with the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and [[Balkans]].<ref>See fn 8, p. 57 in chapter: "German expansionism and [[anti-Russian]] ''émigré'' intellectuals: the case of Paul Rohrbach". Demirtas, Melih. (2021). ''Two sides of the coin: "Asiatic other" Russians vs. "supreme European" Germans.'' Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies (CJAS), Cappadocia University. 3. 43-62. 10.38154/cjas.0. [https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1838509]</ref>

The concept of '''Mitteleuropa''' was used by Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919, [[evangelical]] [[theologian]]-[[politician]]) in one of the first detailed explanations of this term. According to Naumann, a cooperative [[economic]] and [[cultural]] unity between [[Second Reich|Germany]]-[[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Second Republic of Poland|Poland]] would be established, along with close [[commercial]] ties with the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and [[Balkans]].<ref>See fn 8, p. 57 in chapter: "German expansionism and [[anti-Russian]] ''émigré'' intellectuals: the case of Paul Rohrbach". Demirtas, Melih. (2021). ''Two sides of the coin: "Asiatic other" Russians vs. "supreme European" Germans.'' Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies (CJAS), Cappadocia University. 3. 43-62. 10.38154/cjas.0. [https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1838509]</ref>

For a brief moment between the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] completed in March 1918 the signing of the Armistice on November 11, 1918 ending [[World War I]], the [[Second German Empire]] held territories extending from the [[English Channel]] to [[Black Sea]]. This led to the "stab and the back" theory which among German [[nationalist]]s, particularly [[war]] veterans who fought in the territories, and was exploited by [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi party]].

For a brief moment before the signing of the Armistice on November 11, 1918 ending [[World War I]], the [[Second German Empire]] held territories extending from the [[English Channel]] to [[Black Sea]]. The [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] of March 1918, in which the new [[Soviet]] authorities ceded territories of the former [[Russian Empire]] to [[Germany]], was not recognized by the [[Western Powers]] at the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. This led to the "stab and the back" theory about the signers of the Armistice among German [[nationalist]]s, particularly [[war]] veterans who fought in the territories, and a malignant unsympathetic attitude toward the new [[Weimar Republic]] exploited by [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi party]].

==See also==

==See also==