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Line 149: − ====Social Democratic Party (SPD)==== − [[File:German party SPD.jpg|140px|right]] − :''Main article:'' [[SPD]] − The SPD is one of the oldest organized political parties in the world. It originally advocated Marxist principles, but in the 1959 Godesberg Program abandoned the concept of a "class party" while continuing to stress social welfare programs. Under the leadership of Gerhard Schroeder, the SPD-Greens government implemented in 2003 the centrist Agenda 2010 reforms, designed to modernize the country's social system and labor market. The SPD has a powerful base in the bigger cities and industrialized states. − − After the FDP, the partner of the CDU, left the parliament, Merkel created a "grand coalition" with the SPD. − − ====Green Party==== − :''Main article:'' [[Alliance '90/The Greens]] − [[File:Baerbock.PNG|right|250px|thumb|[[Annalena Baerbock]] of the Green party depicted in a Twitter meme.]] − In the late 1970s, environmentalists organized politically as the [[Green party]]. Opposition to nuclear power, military power, and certain aspects of highly industrialized society were principal campaign issues, however those core principals were abandoned when the Greens, in coalition with SPD under the Scholz regime, became the chief warmongering party of European globalists and the [[WEF]]. − − . In the December 1990 all-German elections, the Greens merged with the Eastern German Alliance 90, a loose grouping of civil rights activists with diverse political views. The Greens joined a federal government for the first time in 1998, forming a coalition with the SPD. − − In 2012 they took advantage of the Fukushima nuclear plant disaster in Japan, allowing them to form the government of the state of Baden-Württemberg in a coalition with the SPD, which is the smaller partner this time. − − ====Free Democratic Party (FDP)==== − :''Main article:'' [[Free Democratic Party]] − The FDP has traditionally been composed mainly of middle and upper class Protestants who consider themselves heirs to the European libertarian tradition. It supports free trade and reducing the role of the state in economic policy. It is libertarian on social issues. The party has participated in all but three postwar federal governments but had not been in federal government from 1998 to 2009. − − ====Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU)==== − :''Main article: [[Christian Democratic Union]] and [[Christian Social Union]] − An important aspect of postwar German politics was the emergence of a moderate, ecumenical Christian party—the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)--operating in alliance with a related Bavarian party, the Christian Social Union (CSU). Although each party maintains its own structure, the two form a common caucus in the Bundestag and do not run opposing campaigns. The CDU/CSU has adherents among Catholics, Protestants, rural interests, and members of all economic classes. It is generally conservative on economic and social policy and more identified with the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches. − − The September 2009 elections were a major win for the conservative forces led by Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], breaking a stalemate and opening the way for more conservative economic policies. Previously since an indecisive election in 2005 the Christian Democrats ([[CDU]]) (on the center-right) formed a "grand coalition" with the Social Democrats ([[SPD]]) (on the center-left). From 2009 to 2013 Merkel and her CDU formed a coalition with the libertarian, pro-business [[Free Democratic Party|Free Democrats]] (FDP). Left in the cold was the SPD, the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Greens]], and the ex-Communists who remain strong in the former East Germany under the name "[[The Left]]". Merkel moved forward on tax cuts, reform of the tax code, reduction of bureaucracy and a possible extension of the time that nuclear power plants can continue to operate.<ref>Craig Whitlock, "Germany's Merkel Reelected Easily, Will Form New Coalition," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/27/AR2009092700631.html?nav=emailpage ''Washington Post'' Sept. 28, 2009]</ref> Merkel's program announced as she took office Oct. 28 includes $36 billion in income tax cuts, lower business taxes, and higher family benefits. The budget will be in deficit for the next four years, as the government believes the economy is too fragile for spending cuts and that more stimulus is needed to end the recession. By law the budget must be balanced by the year 2016. Nuclear power plants will be given an extension, and Merkel wants to move more of the welfare costs from corporations to households. − − The CDU has the greatest base of faithful voters, but is recently struggling to maintain majorities in big cities. − − ====Die Linke (The Left)==== − − The PDS (for 'Partei des demokratischen Sozialismus'; "Party of Democratic Socialism", the renamed communist party of the former East Germany, and follow-up of the [[SED]]) and the WASG (for 'Wahlalternative Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit'; "Voting alternative work and social justice" composed of west-German leftists) merged in June 2007 to form a party simply known as "[[The Left]]." The party's foreign policy is largely shaped by its rigid opposition to foreign military deployments, for example in [[Afghanistan]], and insists on an immediate pull-out. On domestic policy, the party opposes economic and social reforms, such as Hartz IV, which aim to increase free markets and reduce unemployment benefits. The Left proposes to weaken the free market system with a new orientation to democratic socialist principles. The Left also experienced a lot of criticism due to its communist wing, the 'communist platform' which makes up 4.4% of the national vote, an insufficient total to clear the 5 percent hurdle.<ref>[http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_electoral_system.htm German Culture.com; Electoral System of Germany (next to last paragraph)]</ref> − Line 205:
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→Political Parties
===Political Parties===
===Political Parties===
====Alternative for Germany====
====Alternative for Germany====
:''Main article: [[Alternative for Germany]]''
:''Main article: [[Alternative for Germany]]''
*Davis, Austin (February 20, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/feb/20/alternative-germany-afd-rises-angela-merkel-strugg/ Far-right Alternative for Germany rises as Merkel struggles for coalition]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
*Davis, Austin (February 20, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/feb/20/alternative-germany-afd-rises-angela-merkel-strugg/ Far-right Alternative for Germany rises as Merkel struggles for coalition]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
*Williams, Thomas D. (June 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/06/25/sunday-poll-german-populist-afd-party-hits-record-high-popularity/ Sunday Poll: German Populist AfD Party Hits Record High Popularity]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 25, 2018.</ref> It maintains its strongest support within the states comprising the former East Germany.
*Williams, Thomas D. (June 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/06/25/sunday-poll-german-populist-afd-party-hits-record-high-popularity/ Sunday Poll: German Populist AfD Party Hits Record High Popularity]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 25, 2018.</ref> It maintains its strongest support within the states comprising the former East Germany.
====Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU)====
:''Main article: [[Christian Democratic Union]] and [[Christian Social Union]]
An important aspect of postwar German politics was the emergence of a moderate, ecumenical Christian party—the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)--operating in alliance with a related Bavarian party, the Christian Social Union (CSU). Although each party maintains its own structure, the two form a common caucus in the Bundestag and do not run opposing campaigns. The CDU/CSU has adherents among Catholics, Protestants, rural interests, and members of all economic classes. It is generally conservative on economic and social policy and more identified with the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches.
The September 2009 elections were a major win for the conservative forces led by Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]], breaking a stalemate and opening the way for more conservative economic policies. Previously since an indecisive election in 2005 the Christian Democrats ([[CDU]]) (on the center-right) formed a "grand coalition" with the Social Democrats ([[SPD]]) (on the center-left). From 2009 to 2013 Merkel and her CDU formed a coalition with the libertarian, pro-business [[Free Democratic Party|Free Democrats]] (FDP). Left in the cold was the SPD, the [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Greens]], and the ex-Communists who remain strong in the former East Germany under the name "[[The Left]]". Merkel moved forward on tax cuts, reform of the tax code, reduction of bureaucracy and a possible extension of the time that nuclear power plants can continue to operate.<ref>Craig Whitlock, "Germany's Merkel Reelected Easily, Will Form New Coalition," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/27/AR2009092700631.html?nav=emailpage ''Washington Post'' Sept. 28, 2009]</ref> Merkel's program announced as she took office Oct. 28 includes $36 billion in income tax cuts, lower business taxes, and higher family benefits. The budget will be in deficit for the next four years, as the government believes the economy is too fragile for spending cuts and that more stimulus is needed to end the recession. By law the budget must be balanced by the year 2016. Nuclear power plants will be given an extension, and Merkel wants to move more of the welfare costs from corporations to households.
The CDU has the greatest base of faithful voters, but is recently struggling to maintain majorities in big cities.
====Social Democratic Party (SPD)====
[[File:German party SPD.jpg|140px|right]]
:''Main article:'' [[SPD]]
The SPD is one of the oldest organized political parties in the world. It originally advocated Marxist principles, but in the 1959 Godesberg Program abandoned the concept of a "class party" while continuing to stress social welfare programs. Under the leadership of Gerhard Schroeder, the SPD-Greens government implemented in 2003 the centrist Agenda 2010 reforms, designed to modernize the country's social system and labor market. The SPD has a powerful base in the bigger cities and industrialized states.
After the FDP, the partner of the CDU, left the parliament, Merkel created a "grand coalition" with the SPD.
====Green Party====
:''Main article:'' [[Alliance '90/The Greens]]
[[File:Baerbock.PNG|right|250px|thumb|[[Annalena Baerbock]] of the Green party depicted in a Twitter meme.]]
In the late 1970s, environmentalists organized politically as the [[Green party]]. Opposition to nuclear power, military power, and certain aspects of highly industrialized society were principal campaign issues, however those core principals were abandoned when the Greens, in coalition with SPD under the Scholz regime, became the chief warmongering party of European globalists and the [[WEF]].
. In the December 1990 all-German elections, the Greens merged with the Eastern German Alliance 90, a loose grouping of civil rights activists with diverse political views. The Greens joined a federal government for the first time in 1998, forming a coalition with the SPD.
In 2012 they took advantage of the Fukushima nuclear plant disaster in Japan, allowing them to form the government of the state of Baden-Württemberg in a coalition with the SPD, which is the smaller partner this time.
====Die Linke (The Left)====
The PDS (for 'Partei des demokratischen Sozialismus'; "Party of Democratic Socialism", the renamed communist party of the former East Germany, and follow-up of the [[SED]]) and the WASG (for 'Wahlalternative Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit'; "Voting alternative work and social justice" composed of west-German leftists) merged in June 2007 to form a party simply known as "[[The Left]]." The party's foreign policy is largely shaped by its rigid opposition to foreign military deployments, for example in [[Afghanistan]], and insists on an immediate pull-out. On domestic policy, the party opposes economic and social reforms, such as Hartz IV, which aim to increase free markets and reduce unemployment benefits. The Left proposes to weaken the free market system with a new orientation to democratic socialist principles. The Left also experienced a lot of criticism due to its communist wing, the 'communist platform' which makes up 4.4% of the national vote, an insufficient total to clear the 5 percent hurdle.<ref>[http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_electoral_system.htm German Culture.com; Electoral System of Germany (next to last paragraph)]</ref>
====Free Democratic Party (FDP)====
:''Main article:'' [[Free Democratic Party]]
The FDP has traditionally been composed mainly of middle and upper class Protestants who consider themselves heirs to the European libertarian tradition. It supports free trade and reducing the role of the state in economic policy. It is libertarian on social issues. The party has participated in all but three postwar federal governments but had not been in federal government from 1998 to 2009.
====Other parties====
====Other parties====