Changes

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin.  The radiocarbon date was thus not valid for determining the true age of the shroud."<ref>http://greatshroudofturinfaq.com/Definitions/Thermochimica-Acta.html</ref>  Instead, "[e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>http://shroudencounter.com/thermochimicaabstract.php</ref>

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin.  The radiocarbon date was thus not valid for determining the true age of the shroud."<ref>http://greatshroudofturinfaq.com/Definitions/Thermochimica-Acta.html</ref>  Instead, "[e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>http://shroudencounter.com/thermochimicaabstract.php</ref>

More generally, [[carbon dating]] provides less accurate results compared to other techniques for dating artifacts, as demonstrated by multiple failures in carbon dating of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]. Many materials cannot be reliably carbon dated, such as marine shells, due to background effects.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440309003306#:~:text=C%20dates%20on%20marine%20shells,known%2C%20the%20knowledge%20of%20its</ref>

More generally, [[carbon dating]] provides less accurate results compared with other techniques for dating artifacts, as demonstrated by multiple failures in carbon dating of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]. Many materials cannot be reliably carbon dated, such as marine shells, due to background effects.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440309003306#:~:text=C%20dates%20on%20marine%20shells,known%2C%20the%20knowledge%20of%20its</ref>

Finally, dating the cloth is of limited significance in analyzing a potential [[miracle]], which [[logic]]ally could have happened (and still could) at any time.  A miraculous imprint of an image could have slowed ordinary decay on which carbon dating is based, so it is flawed [[circular logic]] to try to determine by carbon dating whether the shroud is miraculous.

Finally, dating the cloth is of limited significance in analyzing a potential [[miracle]], which [[logic]]ally could have happened (and still could) at any time.  A miraculous imprint of an image could have slowed ordinary decay on which carbon dating is based, so it is flawed [[circular logic]] to try to determine by carbon dating whether the shroud is miraculous.