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The '''strong interaction''' or '''strong force''' is today understood to represent the [[interaction]]s between [[quark]]s and [[gluon]]s as detailed by the theory of [[quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD). The strong force is the [[fundamental force]] mediated by [[gluons]], acting upon [[quark]]s, [[antiparticle|antiquarks]], and the [[gluon]]s themselves. There is a minority that holds that the strong interaction is the result of direct divine intervention; however, this is viewed as [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] by most mainstream scientists.
Although the strong force only acts upon elementary particles ''directly'', the force is observed between [[hadron]]s as the '''[[nuclear force]]'''. As has been shown by many failed [[free quark]] searches, the elementary particles affected are unobservable directly. This phenomenon is called [[Color confinement|confinement]], a theory which allows only hadrons to be seen.
==History==
Before the [[1970s]], when [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s were thought to be [[fundamental particle]]s, the phrase "strong force" was what is today known as the [[nuclear force]] or the '''residual strong force'''. What were being observed were the "residual" effects of the strong force, which act on hadrons, both [[baryon]]s and [[meson]]s. This force was postulated to overcome the [[electromagnetism|electric repulsion]] between protons in the [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]], and for its strength (at short distances) it was dubbed the "strong force". After the discovery of quarks, scientists realized that the force was actually acting upon the quarks and gluons making up the protons, not the protons themselves. For some time after this realization, the older notion was referred to as the '''residual strong force''', and the "new" strong interaction was called '''colour force'''.
==Details==
[[Quantum chromodynamics]], a part of the [[standard model]] of particle physics, is a typical [[non-Abelian]] [[gauge theory]] based on a local (gauge) [[symmetry group]] called [[SU(3)]]. All the particles in this theory interact with each other, through the strong force. The strength of the interaction is parametrized by the strong [[coupling constant]]. This strength is, as usual, modified by the gauge [[coupling constant#Charge, colour charge, etc|colour charge]] of the particle. This really refers to a [[Group-theoretic|group theoretical]] property whose meaning is explained in the article on [[colour charge]]. Quarks and gluons are the only fundamental particles which carry non-vanishing colour charge, and hence participate in the strong interactions.
==See also==
*[[Weak interaction]], [[electromagnetic interaction]] and [[gravity]]
*[[Standard model]] of [[particle physics]] and its [[standard model (basic details)|field theoretical formulation]].
*[[Quantum field theory]] and [[gauge theory]]
*[[Quantum chromodynamics]] and [[QCD matter|Quark matter]]
*[[Internucleon force]] and [[nuclear physics]]
*[[Coupling constant]]
*[[Binding energy]]
== References==
*[[David J. Griffiths]], 1987. ''Introduction to Elementary Particles''. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60386-4
*{{cite book | author=Gordon L. Kane | title=''Modern Elementary Particle Physics'' | publisher=Perseus Books | year=1987 | id=ISBN 0-201-11749-5}}
*Richard Morris, 2003. ''The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table''. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-50593-3
== External links ==
*[http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf MISN-0-280: ''The Strong Interaction''] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]] file) by J.R. Christman for [http://www.physnet.org Project PHYSNET].
*[http://www.odomann.com The theory of longitudinal and transversal rotational momentum] A mathematical theory that unites all physical forces and eliminates the wave/particle duality.
Although the strong force only acts upon elementary particles ''directly'', the force is observed between [[hadron]]s as the '''[[nuclear force]]'''. As has been shown by many failed [[free quark]] searches, the elementary particles affected are unobservable directly. This phenomenon is called [[Color confinement|confinement]], a theory which allows only hadrons to be seen.
==History==
Before the [[1970s]], when [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s were thought to be [[fundamental particle]]s, the phrase "strong force" was what is today known as the [[nuclear force]] or the '''residual strong force'''. What were being observed were the "residual" effects of the strong force, which act on hadrons, both [[baryon]]s and [[meson]]s. This force was postulated to overcome the [[electromagnetism|electric repulsion]] between protons in the [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]], and for its strength (at short distances) it was dubbed the "strong force". After the discovery of quarks, scientists realized that the force was actually acting upon the quarks and gluons making up the protons, not the protons themselves. For some time after this realization, the older notion was referred to as the '''residual strong force''', and the "new" strong interaction was called '''colour force'''.
==Details==
[[Quantum chromodynamics]], a part of the [[standard model]] of particle physics, is a typical [[non-Abelian]] [[gauge theory]] based on a local (gauge) [[symmetry group]] called [[SU(3)]]. All the particles in this theory interact with each other, through the strong force. The strength of the interaction is parametrized by the strong [[coupling constant]]. This strength is, as usual, modified by the gauge [[coupling constant#Charge, colour charge, etc|colour charge]] of the particle. This really refers to a [[Group-theoretic|group theoretical]] property whose meaning is explained in the article on [[colour charge]]. Quarks and gluons are the only fundamental particles which carry non-vanishing colour charge, and hence participate in the strong interactions.
==See also==
*[[Weak interaction]], [[electromagnetic interaction]] and [[gravity]]
*[[Standard model]] of [[particle physics]] and its [[standard model (basic details)|field theoretical formulation]].
*[[Quantum field theory]] and [[gauge theory]]
*[[Quantum chromodynamics]] and [[QCD matter|Quark matter]]
*[[Internucleon force]] and [[nuclear physics]]
*[[Coupling constant]]
*[[Binding energy]]
== References==
*[[David J. Griffiths]], 1987. ''Introduction to Elementary Particles''. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60386-4
*{{cite book | author=Gordon L. Kane | title=''Modern Elementary Particle Physics'' | publisher=Perseus Books | year=1987 | id=ISBN 0-201-11749-5}}
*Richard Morris, 2003. ''The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table''. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-50593-3
== External links ==
*[http://35.9.69.219/home/modules/pdf_modules/m280.pdf MISN-0-280: ''The Strong Interaction''] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]] file) by J.R. Christman for [http://www.physnet.org Project PHYSNET].
*[http://www.odomann.com The theory of longitudinal and transversal rotational momentum] A mathematical theory that unites all physical forces and eliminates the wave/particle duality.