Changes

==Iran==

==Iran==

[[File:New Silk Road.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Iran is a key Eurasian transport hub and railway link to [[the West]].<ref>[https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2025/06/michael-hudson-why-america-is-at-war-with-iran.html Michael Hudson: Why America Is at War with Iran], naked capitalism, June 21, 2025. www.nakedcapitalism.com</ref>]]  

[[File:New Silk Road.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Iran is a key Eurasian transport hub and railway link to [[the West]].<ref>[https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2025/06/michael-hudson-why-america-is-at-war-with-iran.html Michael Hudson: Why America Is at War with Iran], naked capitalism, June 21, 2025. www.nakedcapitalism.com</ref>]]  

On March 27, 2021 China and [[Iran]] signed a comprehensive strategic 25-year partnership agreement on economic and security cooperation.<ref>https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/17229/china-iran-challenge</ref> Iran will receive $400 billion in Chinese investments over the next 25 years in key Iranian economic sectors, including energy, telecommunications, defense, infrastructure, banking, petrochemicals, railways and ports. There will be also an expansion of military assistance, training and intelligence-sharing. Nearly 100 projects are under consideration. In return, Iran will commit to providing regular and heavily discounted oil, gas and possibly other natural resources to China.

On March 27, 2021 [[China]] and [[Iran]] signed a comprehensive [[strategic]] 25-year partnership agreement on [[economic]] and security cooperation.<ref>https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/17229/china-iran-challenge</ref> Iran will receive $400 billion in Chinese investments over the next 25 years in key Iranian economic sectors, including [[energy]], [[telecommunications]], [[defense]], [[infrastructure]], [[banking]], petrochemicals, [[railway]]s and [[port]]s. There will be also an expansion of [[military]] assistance, training and [[intelligence]]-sharing. Nearly 100 projects are under consideration. In return, Iran will commit to providing regular and heavily discounted [[oil]], [[gas]] and possibly other natural resources to China.

For China, Iran is a welcome counterbalance to US influence in the region, as the only large regional power that is not aligned with the US, in addition to having enormous oil and natural gas resources and providing a large market of more than 80 million citizens for Chinese goods.

For China, Iran is a welcome counterbalance to [[US]] influence in the region, as the only large regional power that is not aligned with the US, in addition to having enormous oil and natural gas resources and providing a large market of more than 80 million citizens for Chinese goods.

The agreement has been underway for five years, ever since Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Iran in January 2016, when establishing a "comprehensive strategic partnership" was agreed. At that meeting, according to China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Xi Jinping stressed that China will enhance all-round practical cooperation with Iran within the 'Belt and Road' framework". At the time, the two countries also signed a Memorandum of Understanding "on jointly advancing construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road" as well as "multiple bilateral cooperation documents covering energy, production capacity, finance, investment, communications, culture, justice, science, technology, news, customs, climate change and human resources". China and Iran also agreed then to "strengthen exchanges between think-tanks, colleges and universities and youths, [and] jointly ensure the successful operation of the Confucius Institutes" to "tell China's story well" and shape the narrative about China in Iran.

The agreement has been underway for five years, ever since Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] visited Iran in January 2016, when establishing a "comprehensive strategic partnership" was agreed. At that meeting, according to China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Xi Jinping stressed that China will enhance all-round practical cooperation with Iran within the 'Belt and Road' framework". At the time, the two countries also signed a Memorandum of Understanding "on jointly advancing construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road" as well as "multiple bilateral cooperation documents covering energy, production capacity, [[finance]], [[investment]], [[communication]]s, [[culture]], [[justice]], [[science]], [[technology]], [[news]], [[customs]], [[climate change]] and human resources". China and Iran also agreed then to "strengthen exchanges between [[think-tank]]s, [[college]]s and [[universities]] and youths, [and] jointly ensure the successful operation of the [[Confucius Institute]]s" to "tell China's story well" and shape the narrative about China in Iran.

The agreement formalized the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Iran. Iran participates in China's so-called Digital Silk Road, the Silk Road of Innovation and the "Green" Silk Road. The Digital Silk Road represents the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP's) ambition, among other things, to shape the course of 5G technology in the world, whereas the Silk Road of Innovation is about technology transfers. The "Green" Silk Road is about transitioning to renewable energy sources. "China is the largest foreign investor in the... Middle East region", according to Dr. Mordechai Chaziz, author of China's Middle East Diplomacy: The Belt and Road Strategic Partnership.

The agreement formalized the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Iran. Iran participates in China's so-called Digital Silk Road, the Silk Road of Innovation and the "Green" Silk Road. The Digital Silk Road represents the [[Chinese Communist Party]]'s (CCP's) ambition, among other things, to shape the course of [[5G]] technology in the world, whereas the Silk Road of Innovation is about technology transfers. The "Green" Silk Road is about transitioning to [[renewable energy]] sources. "China is the largest foreign investor in the... [[Middle East]] region", according to Dr. Mordechai Chaziz, author of China's Middle East Diplomacy: The Belt and Road Strategic Partnership.

The signing of the agreement came at a time when China was already defying US sanctions on Iran in other ways—such as by reportedly importing record volumes of crude oil. "Iran moved about 17.8 million tonnes (306,000 barrels per day) of crude into China during the past 14 months, with volumes reaching record levels in January and February" ''Reuters'' reported. In March, 2021 according to some estimates, China was taking in some 856,000 barrels per day of Iranian crude oil, a 129% surge compared to February.

The signing of the agreement came at a time when China was already defying US [[economic sanctions|sanctions]] on Iran in other ways—such as by reportedly importing record volumes of [[crude oil]]. "Iran moved about 17.8 million tonnes (306,000 barrels per day) of crude into China during the past 14 months, with volumes reaching record levels in January and February" ''[[Reuters]]'' reported. In March, 2021 according to some estimates, China was taking in some 856,000 barrels per day of Iranian crude oil, a 129% surge compared to February.

As China is Iran's largest trading partner, the agreement, in addition to providing Iran with modern technology, would help its economy to grow. China, among other countries, helped Iran with its nuclear development several decades ago and has been regularly championing a return to the [[Iran nuclear deal]] or the JCPOA. For China, Iran is a welcome counterbalance to US influence in the region, as the only large regional power that is not aligned with the US, in addition to having enormous oil and natural gas resources and providing a large market of more than 80 million citizens for Chinese goods. The two countries, despite their marked ideological differences, share an authoritarian, anti-Western outlook, making each attractive to the other. According to a recent report by risk consultancy firm Verisk Maplecroft: "China is pivoting towards more autocratic regimes that represent greater stability for its supply lines than democracies that are, or may become, hostile to Beijing".  China has even helped Iran crack down on dissidents by exporting its digital authoritarianism in the form of surveillance equipment.

As China is Iran's largest trading partner, the agreement, in addition to providing Iran with modern technology, would help its economy to grow. China, among other countries, helped Iran with its [[nuclear]] development several decades ago and has been regularly championing a return to the [[Iran nuclear deal]] or the [[JCPOA]]. For China, Iran is a welcome counterbalance to US influence in the region, as the only large regional power that is not aligned with the US, in addition to having enormous oil and natural gas resources and providing a large market of more than 80 million citizens for Chinese goods. The two countries, despite their marked [[ideological]] differences, share an [[authoritarian]], anti-[[Western alliance|Western]] outlook, making each attractive to the other.

==See also==

==See also==