Changes

NSA analysts, using the XKeyscore program, can search through enormous databases of emails, online chats, and browsing histories of targets.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-program-online-data</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jul/31/nsa-xkeyscore-program-full-presentation</ref>

NSA analysts, using the XKeyscore program, can search through enormous databases of emails, online chats, and browsing histories of targets.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-program-online-data</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jul/31/nsa-xkeyscore-program-full-presentation</ref>

On June 16 Snowden revealed intelligence sharing with Britain's GCHQ (its intelligence agency) intercepting phone and internet communications of foreign politicians who attended two G-20 meetings in London in 2009.

On June 16 Snowden revealed [[intelligence sharing]] with Britain's GCHQ (its intelligence agency) intercepting phone and internet communications of foreign politicians who attended two G-20 meetings in London in 2009.

Snowden leaked top-secret procedure steps the NSA must take to target and collect data from "non-US persons" and how it must minimize, or mask the identity of data collected on US citizens.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/20/fisa-court-nsa-without-warrant</ref>

Snowden leaked top-secret procedure steps the NSA must take to target and collect data from "non-US persons" and how it must minimize, or mask the identity of data collected on US citizens.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/20/fisa-court-nsa-without-warrant</ref>

On August 29, 2014, the Project on Government Oversight sent a letter to Obama and members of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board to voice concerns over Executive Order 12333, the primary authority under which the NSA gathers foreign intelligence. Unlike a [[FISA]] warrant, the Executive Order provides the government with the latitude to conduct sweeping surveillance on US and non-US persons without judicial review as long as the monitoring is necessary to protect US interests from "foreign security threats," an umbrella term that likely permits the surveillance of any foreign person.<ref>http://www.pogo.org/our-work/letters/2014/pogo-joins-group-letter-EO-12333.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/?referrer=http://circa.com/politics/government/if-proven-true-nunes-surveillance-revelations-raise-concerns-about-civil-liberties</ref>

On August 29, 2014, the Project on Government Oversight sent a letter to Obama and members of the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board to voice concerns over Executive Order 12333, the primary authority under which the NSA gathers foreign intelligence. Unlike a [[FISA]] warrant, the Executive Order provides the government with the latitude to conduct sweeping surveillance on US and non-US persons without judicial review as long as the monitoring is necessary to protect US interests from "foreign security threats," an umbrella term that likely permits the surveillance of any foreign person.<ref>http://www.pogo.org/our-work/letters/2014/pogo-joins-group-letter-EO-12333.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/?referrer=http://circa.com/politics/government/if-proven-true-nunes-surveillance-revelations-raise-concerns-about-civil-liberties</ref>

On February 22, 2015, the British Secretive Court rules NSA-UK sharing of bulk metadata before December 2014 was illegal, however, after the Snowden leaks, now that knowledge of the practice is in the public domain, US-UK intelligence metadata sharing is legal.<ref>https://leaksource.wordpress.com/2015/02/22/ipt-rules-nsa-gchq-intel-sharing-illegal-prior-to-december-2014-legal-now-since-its-not-secret-anymore-huh/comment-page-1/</ref> Legal intelligence sharing with foreign agencies is a convenient way for law enforcement in both countries to circumvent constitutional restrictions and obtain information without [[probable cause]] or a search warrant. Under a reciprocal agreement, the US can ask the UK to spy on a US citizen or vice-versa (as in the case of [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Lady Diana Spencer]]) as a national security prerogative. The UK doesn't need a warrant in the US, nor the US in the UK, and a person's [[civil rights]] may be "legally" violated under this loophole. The practice was originated by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1938 by [[Executive Order]] allowing British intelligence to [[wiretap]] American citizens that Britain feared were monitoring ships leaving harbor in New York and New Jersey, making them vulnerable to [[U-boat]]s.<ref>Counterintelligence Reader, World War II, Chapter 3, p. 249</ref>

On February 22, 2015, the British Secretive Court rules NSA-UK sharing of bulk metadata before December 2014 was illegal, however, after the Snowden leaks, now that knowledge of the practice is in the public domain, US-UK intelligence metadata sharing is legal.<ref>https://leaksource.wordpress.com/2015/02/22/ipt-rules-nsa-gchq-intel-sharing-illegal-prior-to-december-2014-legal-now-since-its-not-secret-anymore-huh/comment-page-1/</ref> Legal [[intelligence sharing]] with foreign agencies is a convenient way for law enforcement in both countries to circumvent constitutional restrictions and obtain information without [[probable cause]] or a search warrant. Under a reciprocal agreement, the US can ask the UK to spy on a US citizen or vice-versa (as in the case of [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Lady Diana Spencer]]) as a national security prerogative. The UK doesn't need a warrant in the US, nor the US in the UK, and a person's [[civil rights]] may be "legally" violated under this loophole. The practice was originated by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1938 by [[Executive Order]] allowing British intelligence to [[wiretap]] American citizens that Britain feared were monitoring ships leaving harbor in New York and New Jersey, making them vulnerable to [[U-boat]]s.<ref>Counterintelligence Reader, World War II, Chapter 3, p. 249</ref>

===John Brennan===

===John Brennan===