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The '''Shroud of Turin''' (in Italian, ''la Sacra Sindone'') is the most studied artifact in the history of the world.  It is a burial cloth almost precisely 14.5' long by 4' wide, having attributes from the time and place of [[Jesus Christ]], with blood stains and the image of an executed man. Scientific study has exceeded 600,000 hours in reinforcing its authenticity.<ref>[https://mycharisma.com/culture/new-evidence-for-shroud-of-turin-expert-says-its-beyond-all-doubt/ New Evidence for Shroud of Turin: Expert Says It’s ‘Beyond All Doubt’], CBN News, 2025, citing [[New Testament]] scholar Jeremiah J. Johnston.</ref> [[Liberal denial]] requires implausible conspiracy theories.

The '''Shroud of Turin''' (in Italian, ''la Sacra Sindone'') is the most studied artifact in the history of the world.  It is a burial cloth almost precisely 14.5' long by 4' wide, having attributes from the time and place of [[Jesus Christ]], with blood stains and the image of an executed man. Scientific study has exceeded 600,000 hours in reinforcing its authenticity.<ref>[https://mycharisma.com/culture/new-evidence-for-shroud-of-turin-expert-says-its-beyond-all-doubt/ New Evidence for Shroud of Turin: Expert Says It’s ‘Beyond All Doubt’], CBN News, 2025, citing [[New Testament]] scholar Jeremiah J. Johnston.</ref> [[Liberal denial]] requires implausible conspiracy theories.

[[Forensic]] evidence indicates that this image is of man [[scourge]]d and crucified, and yet (as described of Jesus in the [[Bible]]) without breaking the victim's legs as typically done to expedite a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] execution.<ref name="Forensics">http://www.shroudstory.com/forensics.htm</ref>  The image was formed after the blood staining, suggesting that there was a flash of light at the [[Resurrection]] -- analogous to the flash of light at [[conception]] -- such that the image is like a negative in photography.<ref>"The Shroud of Turin is a negative image." [https://www.shroud.com/piczek3.htm]</ref>  The image is scientifically precise in ways unknown to medieval forgers; the thumbs are not visible because the nails were through the wrists,<ref name="BBC"/> not through the hands as mistakenly thought until the 20th century<ref name="Forensics"/> and mistranslated from the [[Bible]].<ref>In {{bibleref|John|20|27}}, the Greek term χερσὶν (chersin) actually includes "wrists", not merely hands.  [[Strong's]] narrow definition is incomplete, and at {{bibleref|Acts|12|7|version=NIV}} the same term must mean "wrists" because chains fell off them. [https://biblehub.com/greek/5495.htm]</ref> The disciples on the [[Road to Emmaus]] did not notice any wounds in Jesus's hands, which further suggests the nail wounds were in his wrists.

[[Forensic]] [[evidence]] indicates that this image is of man [[scourge]]d and crucified, and yet (as described of Jesus in the [[Bible]]) without breaking the victim's legs as typically done to expedite a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] execution.<ref name="Forensics">http://www.shroudstory.com/forensics.htm</ref>  The image was formed after the blood staining, suggesting that there was a flash of light at the [[Resurrection]] -- analogous to the flash of light at [[conception]] -- such that the image is like a negative in photography.<ref>"The Shroud of Turin is a negative image." [https://www.shroud.com/piczek3.htm]</ref>  The image is scientifically precise in ways unknown to medieval forgers; the thumbs are not visible because the nails were through the wrists,<ref name="BBC"/> not through the hands as mistakenly thought until the 20th century<ref name="Forensics"/> and mistranslated from the [[Bible]].<ref>In {{bibleref|John|20|27}}, the Greek term χερσὶν (chersin) actually includes "wrists", not merely hands.  [[Strong's]] narrow definition is incomplete, and at {{bibleref|Acts|12|7|version=NIV}} the same term must mean "wrists" because chains fell off them. [https://biblehub.com/greek/5495.htm]</ref> The disciples on the [[Road to Emmaus]] did not notice any wounds in Jesus's hands, which further suggests the nail wounds were in his wrists.

The Shroud of Turin Research Project was led by "35 physicists, chemists, NASA image specialists, electrical engineers, a forensic pathologist,"<ref name="AMAC">https://amac.us/newsline/lifestyle/the-shroud-of-turin-gods-gift-to-all-people/</ref> concluding that:

The Shroud of Turin Research Project was led by "35 physicists, chemists, NASA image specialists, electrical engineers, a forensic pathologist,"<ref name="AMAC">https://amac.us/newsline/lifestyle/the-shroud-of-turin-gods-gift-to-all-people/</ref> concluding that: