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#The '''water paradox''' is the chemical reality that water is essential for life and yet it destroys cellular components (e.g. proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA).<ref name="water paradox" />
#Naturally, molecules never direct themselves towards life or even complex cellular machinery, they don't control when to start or stop synthesis, and do not preform purification processes to separate useful material from waste and byproducts.<ref name="Tour" />
#The problem of homochirality (see [[Chirality]])<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/1719 Origin of life: the chirality problem], ''Journal of Creation'' 12(3):263–266, December 1998.</ref> refers to a fundamental puzzle in the origin of life, where essential biomolecules like amino acids and sugars are exclusively one "handedness" (enantiomer) in living cells (which use: only left -handed amino acids [designated as "L-" such as in L-Lysine], and only right -handed sugars [designated as "D-" such as in D-glucose]). The problem is that laboratory experiments show that natural prebiotic chemistry produces equal amounts of both right and left handed forms (a racemic mixture) of amino acids and sugars and this contaminates and inhibits any further synthesis, essentially killing synthesis of any useful molecules.<ref name="Tour" />
#Polymerization problem <ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/1791 Origin of life: the polymerization problem] ''Journal of Creation'' 12(3):281–284, December 1998.</ref>
#The window of opportunity for any chemical synthesis in the wild is very short (hours and days at best, not thousands or millions of years). For example, when it comes to the spontaneous formation of the long and complex molecules like RNA and proteins, these molecules degrade rapidly in water, with a 600-unit RNA chain having a half-life of only about four hours.<ref>James Tour et al. "Thermodynamic Limitations on the Natural Emergence of Long Chain Molecules: Implications for Origin of Life" BioCosmos: New perspectives on the origin and evolution of life, vol. 5, no. 1, Sciendo, 2025, pp. 64-71. https://doi.org/10.2478/biocosmos-2025-0010</ref>
