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→History
Sunderland is known for its rivalry with [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], which lies 12 miles to the north-west in Northumberland; in the 20th and 21st centuries, this most prominently manifests itself in a footballing rivalry but is actually rooted in the [[English Civil War]] (1642-1651).<ref>[https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/23609555.sunderland-newcastle-rivalry-dates-back-civil-war/ Sunderland and Newcastle rivalry dates back to Civil War] </ref> [[John Lilburne]] (1614-1657) was born in Sunderland and had been a close associate of [[Oliver Cromwell]], being a lieutenant colonel to the Parliamentarians. Sunderland was Newcastle's biggest emerging local economic rival at the time, after previous attempts to establish regional ports were threatened by intimidating Newcastle merchants, with Newcastle holding a royal charter restricting coal shipments from nearby ports. Newcastle was staunchly Royalist at the time but there was significant pro-Parliamentarian sentiment in Sunderland. John Lilburne's uncle, George Lilburne, had suggested Sunderland support the Parliamentarians and the civil war created an opportunity for Sunderland to challenge Newcastle's regional supremacy. In 1642, Sunderland received a garrison of Scottish soldiers, Covenanters, who supported the Parliamentarian side and they set up camp at Bishopwearmouth. Sunderland became a base for Parliamentarian military offensives in north-eastern England, of which one of the most significant was the 1644 siege of Newcastle. The Battle of Boldon Hill between the Parliamentarians and Sunderland Royalists took place to the north-west of Sunderland.
Sunderland is known for its rivalry with [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], which lies 12 miles to the north-west in Northumberland; in the 20th and 21st centuries, this most prominently manifests itself in a footballing rivalry but is actually rooted in the [[English Civil War]] (1642-1651).<ref>[https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/23609555.sunderland-newcastle-rivalry-dates-back-civil-war/ Sunderland and Newcastle rivalry dates back to Civil War] </ref> [[John Lilburne]] (1614-1657) was born in Sunderland and had been a close associate of [[Oliver Cromwell]], being a lieutenant colonel to the Parliamentarians. Sunderland was Newcastle's biggest emerging local economic rival at the time, after previous attempts to establish regional ports were threatened by intimidating Newcastle merchants, with Newcastle holding a royal charter restricting coal shipments from nearby ports. Newcastle was staunchly Royalist at the time but there was significant pro-Parliamentarian sentiment in Sunderland. John Lilburne's uncle, George Lilburne, had suggested Sunderland support the Parliamentarians and the civil war created an opportunity for Sunderland to challenge Newcastle's regional supremacy. In 1642, Sunderland received a garrison of Scottish soldiers, Covenanters, who supported the Parliamentarian side and they set up camp at Bishopwearmouth. Sunderland became a base for Parliamentarian military offensives in north-eastern England, of which one of the most significant was the 1644 siege of Newcastle. The Battle of Boldon Hill between the Parliamentarians and Sunderland Royalists took place to the north-west of Sunderland.
The first Wearmouth Bridge, designed by the [[Norfolk]]-born US [[Founding Father]] [[Thomas Paine]], was constructed in 1796. It was the second iron bridge built after the Iron Bridge over the Severn in [[Shropshire]] and at the time, at a length of 72 meters, was the longest single-span bridge in the world. The bridge was reconstructed by Robert Stephenson in the 1850s; the bridge was replaced entirely in the 1920s by the through arch Wearmouth Bridge which stands today.
== Notable people ==
== Notable people ==