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An inference that certain biological information may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences. [http://www.uncommondescent.com/id-defined/ ID Defined]</ref> As [[Jonathan Wells]] wrote, "ID ... asserts only that some features of living things are better explained by an intelligent cause than by unguided processes." <ref>http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/11/wired_science_one_long_bluff028441.html</ref> Wells, among others, uses ID to rebut the [[evolution|Darwinian]] assertion that the features of living things are "inexplicable on the theory of [[creation]]" but fully explicable as products of unguided natural forces.<ref>http://www.discovery.org/a/9151</ref> However, there is worldview diversity among proponents, and intelligent design is a secular, or even non-religious, theory. Alfred Russel Wallace who was the co-discoverer of [[natural selection]] along with [[Charles Darwin]], eventually came to see that nature exhibited design and purpose with evolution, and in particular wrote about the advancements of research on the cell in the chapter "Mystery of the Cell" along with observations on man as being designed with purpose.<ref>Alfred Russel Wallace. 1911. [https://archive.org/details/worldoflifemanif00wallialaThe World of Life: A Manifestation of Creative Power, Directive Mind and Ultimate Purpose]</ref><ref name="intelligent evolution">Flannery, M.A. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Intelligent Evolution and Natural Theology. Religions 2020, 11, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11060316</ref><ref>Flannery, Michael A. 2011. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Theory of Intelligent Evolution: How Wallace’s World of Life Challenged Darwinism, rev ed. Riesel: Erasmus Press</ref> Some intelligent design proponents such as Michael Behe carry on the ''intelligent evolution'' espoused by Alfred Russel Wallace.<ref name="intelligent evolution" /> Another prominent ID proponent is David Berlinski who is actually an agnostic atheist.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312200118/https://www.discovery.org/a/4536/ Agnostic takes New Atheists to Task for Trying to Hijack Science Author David Berlinski's New Book The Devil's Delusion]</ref><ref>David Berlinski. 2009. The Devil's Delusion: Atheism and its Scientific Pretensions. Basic Books. ISBN, 0786751479</ref> Other atheist defenders have been Bradley Monton.<ref>Bradley Monton, Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design, 2009, Broadview Press, ISBN 9781551118635.</ref>
An inference that certain biological information may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences. [http://www.uncommondescent.com/id-defined/ ID Defined]</ref> As [[Jonathan Wells]] wrote, "ID ... asserts only that some features of living things are better explained by an intelligent cause than by unguided processes." <ref>http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/11/wired_science_one_long_bluff028441.html</ref> Wells, among others, uses ID to rebut the [[evolution|Darwinian]] assertion that the features of living things are "inexplicable on the theory of [[creation]]" but fully explicable as products of unguided natural forces.<ref>http://www.discovery.org/a/9151</ref> However, there is worldview diversity among proponents, and intelligent design is a secular, or even non-religious, theory. Alfred Russel Wallace who was the co-discoverer of [[natural selection]] along with [[Charles Darwin]], eventually came to see that nature exhibited design and purpose with evolution, and in particular wrote about the advancements of research on the cell in the chapter "Mystery of the Cell" along with observations on man as being designed with purpose.<ref>Alfred Russel Wallace. 1911. [https://archive.org/details/worldoflifemanif00wallialaThe World of Life: A Manifestation of Creative Power, Directive Mind and Ultimate Purpose]</ref><ref name="intelligent evolution">Flannery, M.A. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Intelligent Evolution and Natural Theology. Religions 2020, 11, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11060316</ref><ref>Flannery, Michael A. 2011. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Theory of Intelligent Evolution: How Wallace’s World of Life Challenged Darwinism, rev ed. Riesel: Erasmus Press</ref> Some intelligent design proponents such as Michael Behe carry on the ''intelligent evolution'' espoused by Alfred Russel Wallace.<ref name="intelligent evolution" /> Another prominent ID proponent is David Berlinski who is actually an agnostic atheist.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312200118/https://www.discovery.org/a/4536/ Agnostic takes New Atheists to Task for Trying to Hijack Science Author David Berlinski's New Book The Devil's Delusion]</ref><ref>David Berlinski. 2009. The Devil's Delusion: Atheism and its Scientific Pretensions. Basic Books. ISBN, 0786751479</ref> Other atheist defenders have been Bradley Monton.<ref>Bradley Monton, Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design, 2009, Broadview Press, ISBN 9781551118635.</ref>
In general, design principles are compatible with biology since design is already used in biological fields (e.g. breeding, artificial selection, farming, synthetic biology, systems biology, etc).<ref>Castle, S.D., Stock, M. & Gorochowski, T.E. Engineering is evolution: a perspective on design processes to engineer biology. Nature Communications 15, 3640 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48000-1</ref><ref>Kevin A. Janes, Preethi L. Chandran, Roseanne M. Ford, Matthew J. Lazzara, Jason A. Papin, Shayn M. Peirce, Jeffrey J. Saucerman, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, An engineering design approach to systems biology, Integrative Biology, Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2017, Pages 574–583, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ib00014f</ref> Intelligent design theory does have extensive peer-reviewed publications.<ref>[https://www.discovery.org/m/securepdfs/2024/05/Peer-Reviewed-and-Mainstream-Articles-Page-Update-May-2024_FinalPDF.pdf LIST OF PEER-REVIEWED AND MAINSTREAM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTING INTELLIGENT DESIGN 2024]</ref> The central idea of Intelligent Design theory is that [[design]] is empirically detectable, just as the detectability of design in man-made objects is straightforward, non-controversial, and often intuitive (see: [[design detection]]). With respect to the origin and development of cosmological and biological systems, Intelligent Design theory holds that the same principles provide a logical inference of design in nature. That is, without necessarily "proving" actual intelligent design in nature, the observable material evidence provides a reasonable basis from which to infer design, and such an inference supports a legitimate scientific hypothesis of ''intelligent'' design. As such, Intelligent Design theory is a scientific disagreement with the core claim of materialistic theories of [[evolution]] such as chemical and Darwinian evolution <ref>Darwinian Evolution: A materialistic theory of the history of the diversification of organisms from common ancestors through a process of descent with modification. The theory postulates that evolutionary change is the result of material causes [i.e., unintelligent causes due to the interactions of matter, energy, and the forces of nature], driven primarily by random variation and natural selection. The forces include gravity, the electromagnetic force and the weak and strong nuclear forces that define the structure of atoms. With respect to explaining the cosmos, the laws of chemistry and physics such as the laws of motion and thermodynamics dictate that material causes operate in generally periodic or regular patterns at best, and in entropy-increasing randomness at worst. ''See'', "Thirty-eight Nobel Laureates, ''Nobel Laureates Initiative,'' (The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, September 9, 2005), stressing to Kansas State Board of Education: “[E]volution is understood to be the result of an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection.”</ref> that the design exhibited in our universe is merely ''apparent'' design, i.e., ''unintelligent'' design caused by unguided, purposeless, natural forces of physics and chemistry alone.<ref>As used in this article, "materialism" is used synonymously with "naturalism". Naturalism is a philosophical doctrine that material causes alone are adequate to account for all natural phenomena and that teleological (design) conceptions of nature are invalid.</ref>
In general, design principles are compatible with biology since design is already used in biological fields (e.g. breeding, artificial selection, farming, synthetic biology, systems biology, etc).<ref>Castle, S.D., Stock, M. & Gorochowski, T.E. Engineering is evolution: a perspective on design processes to engineer biology. Nature Communications 15, 3640 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48000-1</ref><ref>Kevin A. Janes, Preethi L. Chandran, Roseanne M. Ford, Matthew J. Lazzara, Jason A. Papin, Shayn M. Peirce, Jeffrey J. Saucerman, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, An engineering design approach to systems biology, Integrative Biology, Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2017, Pages 574–583, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ib00014f</ref> Intelligent design theory does have extensive peer-reviewed publications.<ref>[https://www.discovery.org/m/securepdfs/2024/05/Peer-Reviewed-and-Mainstream-Articles-Page-Update-May-2024_FinalPDF.pdf LIST OF PEER-REVIEWED AND MAINSTREAM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTING INTELLIGENT DESIGN 2024]</ref> The central idea of Intelligent Design theory is that [[design]] is empirically detectable, just as the detectability of design in man-made objects is straightforward, non-controversial, and often intuitive (see: [[design detection]]). With respect to the origin and development of cosmological and biological systems, Intelligent Design theory holds that the same principles provide a logical inference of design in nature. That is, without necessarily "proving" actual intelligent design in nature, the observable material evidence provides a reasonable basis from which to infer design, and such a [[design inference]] supports a legitimate scientific hypothesis of ''intelligent'' design. As such, Intelligent Design theory is a scientific disagreement with the core claim of materialistic theories of [[evolution]] such as chemical and Darwinian evolution <ref>Darwinian Evolution: A materialistic theory of the history of the diversification of organisms from common ancestors through a process of descent with modification. The theory postulates that evolutionary change is the result of material causes [i.e., unintelligent causes due to the interactions of matter, energy, and the forces of nature], driven primarily by random variation and natural selection. The forces include gravity, the electromagnetic force and the weak and strong nuclear forces that define the structure of atoms. With respect to explaining the cosmos, the laws of chemistry and physics such as the laws of motion and thermodynamics dictate that material causes operate in generally periodic or regular patterns at best, and in entropy-increasing randomness at worst. ''See'', "Thirty-eight Nobel Laureates, ''Nobel Laureates Initiative,'' (The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, September 9, 2005), stressing to Kansas State Board of Education: “[E]volution is understood to be the result of an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection.”</ref> that the design exhibited in our universe is merely ''apparent'' design, i.e., ''unintelligent'' design caused by unguided, purposeless, natural forces of physics and chemistry alone.<ref>As used in this article, "materialism" is used synonymously with "naturalism". Naturalism is a philosophical doctrine that material causes alone are adequate to account for all natural phenomena and that teleological (design) conceptions of nature are invalid.</ref>
In a broader sense, Intelligent Design is simply the science of design detection—how to recognize patterns arranged by an intelligent cause for a purpose. Design detection is used in a number of scientific fields, including anthropology, archeology, forensic sciences, cryptanalysis and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ('''[[SETI]]'''). An inference that certain cosmological and biological features of the natural world may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences.<ref>For example, Stephen C. Meyer, Senior Fellow of the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute, notes at [http://www.discovery.org/a/1671 A Note to Teachers Stephen C. Meyer and Mark Hartwig, Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins May 1, 1993], the problem with limiting explanations to only "natural" causes: "Archaeologists routinely distinguish manufactured objects (e.g., arrowheads, potsherds) from natural ones (e.g., stones), even when the differences between them are very subtle. These manufactured objects then become important clues in reconstructing past ways of life. But if we arbitrarily assert that science explains solely by reference to natural laws, if archaeologists are prohibited from invoking an intelligent manufacturer, the whole archaeological enterprise comes to a grinding halt."</ref>
In a broader sense, Intelligent Design is simply the science of design detection—how to recognize patterns arranged by an intelligent cause for a purpose. Design detection is used in a number of scientific fields, including anthropology, archeology, forensic sciences, cryptanalysis and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ('''[[SETI]]'''). An inference that certain cosmological and biological features of the natural world may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences.<ref>For example, Stephen C. Meyer, Senior Fellow of the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute, notes at [http://www.discovery.org/a/1671 A Note to Teachers Stephen C. Meyer and Mark Hartwig, Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins May 1, 1993], the problem with limiting explanations to only "natural" causes: "Archaeologists routinely distinguish manufactured objects (e.g., arrowheads, potsherds) from natural ones (e.g., stones), even when the differences between them are very subtle. These manufactured objects then become important clues in reconstructing past ways of life. But if we arbitrarily assert that science explains solely by reference to natural laws, if archaeologists are prohibited from invoking an intelligent manufacturer, the whole archaeological enterprise comes to a grinding halt."</ref>
''See also:'' [[Design inference]], [[Irreducible complexity]] and [[Argument from beauty]]
''See also:'' [[Design inference]], [[Irreducible complexity]] and [[Argument from beauty]]
[[File:Fire-investigator.jpg|150px|right|thumbnail|Design detection is used in a variety of [[science]]s including [[forensic]] science that investigates the cause of a death or fire.]]
[[File:Fire-investigator.jpg|150px|right|thumbnail|Design detection is used in a variety of [[science]]s including [[forensic]] science that investigates the cause of a death or fire.]]
Design detection asks whether an effect or pattern that arose unobserved in the past is due to intelligent or unintelligent material causes. Is the pattern or effect a design or just an occurrence?
Design detection asks whether an effect or pattern that arose unobserved in the past is due to intelligent or unintelligent material causes. Is the pattern or effect a design or just an occurrence?
The term '''specified complexity''' is term used and endorsed by eminent scientists such as Francis Crick, Paul Davies, Leslie Orgel, and even Richard Dawkins, sometimes using the very term and at other times using "complexity" and "specification" in the same breath. The actual term "specified complexity" goes back to biologist Leslie Orgel in 1973 in connection to origin of life research.<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. page 258-266</ref>
The term '''specified complexity''' is term used and endorsed by eminent scientists such as Francis Crick, Paul Davies, Leslie Orgel, and even Richard Dawkins, sometimes using the very term and at other times using "complexity" and "specification" in the same breath. The actual term "specified complexity" goes back to biologist Leslie Orgel in 1973 in connection to origin of life research.<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. page 258-266</ref>
====In biology====
[[File:Generegulatory_networkS_cerevisiae.png|250px|thumb|right|Example of a Regulatory Gene Network in a single celled bacteria called ''S. cerevisiae'' where Transcription factors (large blue circles) and other genes (small green circles) have complex chemical interactions in the cell.<ref>Ma S, Kemmeren P, Gresham D, Statnikov A (2014) De-Novo Learning of Genome-Scale Regulatory Networks in S. cerevisiae. PLOS ONE 9(9): e106479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106479</ref>]]
Cells display a highly complex set of chemical interactions. For example, '''regulatory gene networks''' highlight complex chemical interactions that occur per second in each cell. Resembling chemical manufacturing and synthesis of biological matter. Gene regulatory networks are segments within DNA that govern the rate and products of genes, controlling essential processes such as transcription and translation to prevent the production of harmful or ineffective gene products and also display how segments of cellular activity is automatically controlled by information embedded in DNA.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/gene-regulatory-network Gene Regulatory Networks] Science Direct Journals "Gene regulatory networks are segments within DNA that govern the rate and products of genes, controlling essential processes such as transcription and translation to prevent the production of harmful or ineffective gene products."</ref>
Life requires multiple chemical processes to exist simultaneously in a microscopic space. According to leading chemist Felix Franks<ref>Felix Franks. 2010. "2. Water and Life Friend or Foe?". In Harper, Charles (ed.). Water and Life: The Unique Properties of H2O. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439803561 page 13</ref>
"To translate the dictionary definition into scientific terms, life processes, as we understand them, must encompass all of the following functions in sequence:
* To control the synthesis of simple, chiral molecules and their reactions to form complex polymers, based mainly, but not exclusively, on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
* To program and direct the assembly of such molecules into supramolecular structures, organelles, cells, organs, tissues, and organisms, that is, the achievement of differentiation in the right places and at the right time
* To control cascades of chemical reactions (e.g., metabolism), resulting in growth to maturity, steady-state maintenance, defense against predators and chemical deterioration, energy- conversion processes, reproduction, followed by a more-or-less rapid senescence and expiry"
===The Capacity of Unintelligent Material Causes ===
===The Capacity of Unintelligent Material Causes ===