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[[Image:Jhcfju6.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[C. S. Lewis]], photographed in 1947.]]

[[Image:Jhcfju6.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[C. S. Lewis]], photographed in 1947.]]

'''Bulverism''', as described by C.S. Lewis, "is a rhetorical fallacy where someone assumes an opponent's argument is wrong because of their motives, biases, or psychological state, rather than engaging with the substance of the argument itself. In his essay "Bulverism," Lewis explains it as dismissing an argument by saying, "You only believe that because..."—focusing on why someone holds a view (e.g., their upbringing, emotions, or agenda) instead of addressing the argument’s logic or evidence."<ref>[https://grok.com/share/c2hhcmQtNA%3D%3D_9c117c40-7c97-4b92-b25f-3cc9b40b1dec What is bulverism as described by C.S. Lewis?]</ref>

'''Bulverism''', as described by [[C.S. Lewis]], "is a rhetorical fallacy where someone assumes an opponent's argument is wrong because of their motives, biases, or psychological state, rather than engaging with the substance of the argument itself. In his essay "Bulverism," Lewis explains it as dismissing an argument by saying, "You only believe that because..."—focusing on why someone holds a view (e.g., their upbringing, emotions, or agenda) instead of addressing the argument’s [[logic]] or [[evidence]]."<ref>[https://grok.com/share/c2hhcmQtNA%3D%3D_9c117c40-7c97-4b92-b25f-3cc9b40b1dec What is bulverism as described by C.S. Lewis?]</ref>

== Fictional character Ezekiel Bulver ==

== Fictional character Ezekiel Bulver ==

Ezekiel Bulver is a fictional character created by [[C. S. Lewis]] and is the inventor and patron saint of "Bulverism", the practice of assuming someone is wrong (even if he's not) and speculating endlessly on what made him go wrong.

Ezekiel Bulver is a fictional character created by C. S. Lewis and is the inventor and patron saint of "Bulverism", the practice of assuming someone is wrong (even if he's not) and speculating endlessly on what made him go wrong.

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