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Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what [[Pliny the Elder]] reported from his time," about A.D. 70.  "It's a shroud from the right time ...," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what [[Pliny the Elder]] reported from his time," about A.D. 70.  "It's a shroud from the right time ...," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

The most advanced technique, Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), is non-invasive and was used in research published in 2022 to analyze structural degradation of the Shroud’s cellulose fibers. This "focuses on the breakdown of cellulose chains, a process that accelerates with time and environmental conditions, making it a potentially more accurate dating method than radiocarbon dating for ancient textiles. ... [T]he degradation observed in the Shroud’s fibers suggests it is far older than the results of the radiocarbon tests indicated,"<ref name="WAXS">https://www.timothyedmoore.com/groundbreaking-research-suggests-shroud-of-turin-could-be-2000-years-old/</ref> consistent with an age of about 2,000 years. "[I]f the Shroud were only seven centuries old, it would have required consistent exposure to temperatures far higher than those found in its known history to reach the observed state of cellulose degradation."</ref name="WAXS"/>

The most advanced technique, Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), is non-invasive and was used in research published in 2022 to analyze structural degradation of the Shroud’s cellulose fibers. This "focuses on the breakdown of cellulose chains, a process that accelerates with time and environmental conditions, making it a potentially more accurate dating method than radiocarbon dating for ancient textiles. ... [T]he degradation observed in the Shroud’s fibers suggests it is far older than the results of the radiocarbon tests indicated,"<ref name="WAXS">https://www.timothyedmoore.com/groundbreaking-research-suggests-shroud-of-turin-could-be-2000-years-old/</ref> '''''consistent with an age of about 2,000 years'''''. "[I]f the Shroud were only seven centuries old, it would have required consistent exposure to temperatures far higher than those found in its known history to reach the observed state of cellulose degradation."<ref name="WAXS"/>

Using (invasive) radiocarbon dating of the Shroud is subject to several inherent uncertainties: the probability that the sample was taken from the original cloth rather than a patch, the probability that the miracle did not undermine the assumptions of radiocarbon dating, and the probability that centuries of mold, bacteria and fungi, and the 1532 fire which damaged the Shroud, did not distort the dating. If each of these probabilities is roughly 50%, then the chance of radiocarbon dating of the Shroud being accurate is only (1/2)³ = 12.5%.

Using (invasive) radiocarbon dating of the Shroud is subject to several inherent uncertainties: the probability that the sample was taken from the original cloth rather than a patch, the probability that the miracle did not undermine the assumptions of radiocarbon dating, and the probability that centuries of mold, bacteria and fungi, and the 1532 fire which damaged the Shroud, did not distort the dating. If each of these probabilities is roughly 50%, then the chance of radiocarbon dating of the Shroud being accurate is only (1/2)³ = 12.5%.