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*The ''Western Schism'' of (1378-1417) was an argument within the Roman Catholic Church provoked by the French bishops resulting in French cardinals electing an "[[antipope]]" (Clement VII of Avignon, France) in order to dispute the authority of the recently elected Pope Urban VI, even though he had been lawfully elected by the majority of the [[cardinal]]s in the electoral conclave.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Urban-VI Urban VI: Pope (britannica.com)]</ref> In 1409, a third antipope (John XXIII) existed in Pisa, Italy.<ref>Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13539a.htm</ref><br>

*The ''Western Schism'' of (1378-1417) was an argument within the Roman Catholic Church provoked by the French bishops resulting in French cardinals electing an "[[antipope]]" (Clement VII of Avignon, France) in order to dispute the authority of the recently elected Pope Urban VI, even though he had been lawfully elected by the majority of the [[cardinal]]s in the electoral conclave.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Urban-VI Urban VI: Pope (britannica.com)]</ref> In 1409, a third antipope (John XXIII) existed in Pisa, Italy.<ref>Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13539a.htm</ref><br>

*The three Popes and other controversies set the stage for the [[Protestant Reformation]] started by [[Martin Luther]] over selling [[indulgences]], in 1517. It also was one of the reasons used for [[Henry VIII | King Henry VIII]] in 1536 having Parliament name him head of the Church in England replacing the Pope a title still held by British kings see [[Anglicanism]].<br>

*The three Popes and other controversies set the stage for the [[Protestant Reformation]] started by [[Martin Luther]] over selling [[indulgences]], in 1517. It also was one of the reasons used for [[Henry VIII | King Henry VIII]] in 1536 having Parliament name him head of the Church in England replacing the Pope a title still held by British kings see [[Anglicanism]].<br>

*In 1870, the '''[[Old Catholic Church]]''' originated over a dispute with the [[First Vatican Council]]<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/oppositioninfall00sparuoft/oppositioninfall00sparuoft_djvu.txt Full text of '''Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility''' (archive.org)] ''The page display format is a typewritten text''.</ref>.

*In 1870, the '''[[Old Catholic Church]]''' originated over a dispute with the [[First Vatican Council]]<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/oppositioninfall00sparuoft/oppositioninfall00sparuoft_djvu.txt Full text of '''Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility''' (archive.org)] ''The page display format is a typewritten text''.</ref>, and created '''Union of Utrecht'''.

*In 1970, the '''[[Society of St. Pius X]]''' spilt  over a dispute with the [[Second Vatican Council]] <ref>http://www.sspx.org/SSPX_FAQs/appendix_iii_history_5.htm</ref>, over ending Latin mass and other issues.

*In 1970, the '''[[Society of St. Pius X]]''' spilt  over a dispute with the [[Second Vatican Council]] <ref>http://www.sspx.org/SSPX_FAQs/appendix_iii_history_5.htm</ref>, over ending Latin mass and other issues.

*In 2003, the Old Catholic '''Union of Utrecht'''<ref>https://www.utrechter-union.org/en/welcome/</ref> which has been moving in an increasingly liberal direction was split in two with the larger half of [[Independent_Catholic_churches | Traditional Old Catholic Churches]] forming the the '''Union of Scranton'''<ref>https://theunionofscranton.org/</ref>.

*In 2003, the Old Catholic '''Union of Utrecht'''<ref>https://www.utrechter-union.org/en/welcome/</ref> which has been moving in an increasingly liberal direction was split in two with the larger half of [[Independent_Catholic_churches | Traditional Old Catholic Churches]] forming the the '''Union of Scranton'''<ref>https://theunionofscranton.org/</ref>.