Changes

Sanctions may come in the form of arms embargoes, asset freezes, travel bans or more general restrictions on [[trade]], and are often grouped together in 'sanctions regimes' which are either thematic or geographic. Sanctions have long been used, and are an increasingly common response to illegal economic or military activity. However only more recently have sanctions been employed in response to human rights abuses, and more specifically LGBTQI+ discrimination....in February 2021, [[Joe Biden]] issued the ‘Memorandum on Advancing the Human Rights of [[Lesbian]], [[Gay]], [[Bisexual]], [[Transgender]], [[Queer]] and Intersex Persons Around the World’. This directed [[Executive Branch|US executive departments]] to enact [[financial]] sanctions and travel restrictions on countries and individuals that had a track record of abusive behaviour towards LGBTQI+ persons. Following this, the [[US House of Representatives]] approved the Global Respect Act in February 2022 which aims to prohibit those who have committed LGBTQI+ human rights abuses abroad from obtaining a [[visa]] to enter the US.... A comprehensive study from 2006 which reviewed 200 sanctions regimes concluded that the tool was only successful 33% of the time in the period spanning 1960-2006.

Sanctions may come in the form of arms embargoes, asset freezes, travel bans or more general restrictions on [[trade]], and are often grouped together in 'sanctions regimes' which are either thematic or geographic. Sanctions have long been used, and are an increasingly common response to illegal economic or military activity. However only more recently have sanctions been employed in response to human rights abuses, and more specifically LGBTQI+ discrimination....in February 2021, [[Joe Biden]] issued the ‘Memorandum on Advancing the Human Rights of [[Lesbian]], [[Gay]], [[Bisexual]], [[Transgender]], [[Queer]] and Intersex Persons Around the World’. This directed [[Executive Branch|US executive departments]] to enact [[financial]] sanctions and travel restrictions on countries and individuals that had a track record of abusive behaviour towards LGBTQI+ persons. Following this, the [[US House of Representatives]] approved the Global Respect Act in February 2022 which aims to prohibit those who have committed LGBTQI+ human rights abuses abroad from obtaining a [[visa]] to enter the US.... A comprehensive study from 2006 which reviewed 200 sanctions regimes concluded that the tool was only successful 33% of the time in the period spanning 1960-2006.

Alongside this alarmingly low success rate, many commentators complain that sanctions harm the [[living standards]] and humanitarian situation of the [[population]] in the sanctioned state, and this [[negative]] impact has been found to effect [[women]], [[minority]] communities and other marginalised groups to a greater extent. A 2017 study suggested that targeted sanctions on individuals had a lesser negative impact on the wider population...the same study found that targeted sanctions were less likely to work on those targeted individuals, who often found ways to circumvent the measures.

Alongside this alarmingly low success rate, many commentators complain that sanctions harm the [[living standards]] and humanitarian situation of the [[population]] in the sanctioned state, and this [[negative]] impact has been found to effect [[women]], minority communities and other marginalised groups to a greater extent. A 2017 study suggested that targeted sanctions on individuals had a lesser negative impact on the wider population...the same study found that targeted sanctions were less likely to work on those targeted individuals, who often found ways to circumvent the measures.

The ineffectiveness and [[collateral damage]] associated with sanctions regimes invites critics to question whether viable alternatives exist. ...

The ineffectiveness and [[collateral damage]] associated with sanctions regimes invites critics to question whether viable alternatives exist. ...